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    Chemistry

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    Also known as: Vitamin a, All-trans-retinol, 68-26-8, Vitamin a1, Alphalin, Axerophthol
    Molecular Formula
    C20H30O
    Molecular Weight
    286.5  g/mol
    InChI Key
    FPIPGXGPPPQFEQ-OVSJKPMPSA-N
    FDA UNII
    G2SH0XKK91
    Vitamin A
    Retinol and derivatives of retinol that play an essential role in metabolic functioning of the retina, the growth of and differentiation of epithelial tissue, the growth of bone, reproduction, and the immune response. Dietary vitamin A is derived from a variety of CAROTENOIDS found in plants. It is enriched in the liver, egg yolks, and the fat component of dairy products.
    1 2D Structure

    Vitamin A

    2 Identification
    2.1 Computed Descriptors
    2.1.1 IUPAC Name
    (2E,4E,6E,8E)-3,7-dimethyl-9-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohexen-1-yl)nona-2,4,6,8-tetraen-1-ol
    2.1.2 InChI
    InChI=1S/C20H30O/c1-16(8-6-9-17(2)13-15-21)11-12-19-18(3)10-7-14-20(19,4)5/h6,8-9,11-13,21H,7,10,14-15H2,1-5H3/b9-6+,12-11+,16-8+,17-13+
    2.1.3 InChI Key
    FPIPGXGPPPQFEQ-OVSJKPMPSA-N
    2.1.4 Canonical SMILES
    CC1=C(C(CCC1)(C)C)C=CC(=CC=CC(=CCO)C)C
    2.1.5 Isomeric SMILES
    CC1=C(C(CCC1)(C)C)/C=C/C(=C/C=C/C(=C/CO)/C)/C
    2.2 Other Identifiers
    2.2.1 UNII
    G2SH0XKK91
    2.3 Synonyms
    2.3.1 MeSH Synonyms

    1. 11-cis-retinol

    2. 3,7-dimethyl-9-(2,6,6-trimethyl-1-cyclohexen-1-yl)-2,4,6,8-nonatetraen-1-ol, (all-e)-isomer

    3. All Trans Retinol

    4. All-trans-retinol

    5. Aquasol A

    6. Vitamin A

    7. Vitamin A1

    2.3.2 Depositor-Supplied Synonyms

    1. Vitamin A

    2. All-trans-retinol

    3. 68-26-8

    4. Vitamin A1

    5. Alphalin

    6. Axerophthol

    7. Afaxin

    8. Vitamin A Alcohol

    9. Oleovitamin A

    10. Chocola A

    11. Alphasterol

    12. Apostavit

    13. Aquasynth

    14. Biosterol

    15. Epiteliol

    16. Ophthalamin

    17. Agiolan

    18. Agoncal

    19. Anatola

    20. Myvpack

    21. Prepalin

    22. Testavol

    23. Veroftal

    24. Aoral

    25. Apexol

    26. Avibon

    27. Avitol

    28. Axerol

    29. Dofsol

    30. Trans-retinol

    31. Vaflol

    32. Vitpex

    33. Vogan

    34. Disatabs Tabs

    35. Lard Factor

    36. All-trans-retinyl Alcohol

    37. Bentavit A

    38. Dohyfral A

    39. Alcovit A

    40. Anatola A

    41. Vogan-neu

    42. A-mulsal

    43. Plivit A

    44. Vi-alpha

    45. A-vitan

    46. All-trans Retinol

    47. Atars

    48. Vafol

    49. All-trans-vitamin A Alcohol

    50. Retrovitamin A

    51. Homagenets Aoral

    52. A-sol

    53. Hi-a-vita

    54. Sehkraft A

    55. Vitamin A1 Alcohol

    56. All-trans-vitamin A

    57. A-vi-pel

    58. Acon

    59. Atav

    60. Vi-dom-a

    61. 11103-57-4

    62. Super A

    63. Anti-infective Vitamin

    64. Solu-a

    65. Nio-a-let

    66. Vio-a

    67. Antixerophthalmic Vitamin

    68. Del-vi-a

    69. Vitavel A

    70. Thalasphere

    71. Beta-retinol

    72. Trans-vitamin A Alcohol

    73. Vitamin A Alcohol, All-trans-

    74. Vitamin A1, All-trans-

    75. Retinol, All Trans-

    76. All-trans-vitamin A1

    77. Vitamin A Oil

    78. .beta.-retinol

    79. (2e,4e,6e,8e)-3,7-dimethyl-9-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl)nona-2,4,6,8-tetraen-1-ol

    80. (2e,4e,6e,8e)-3,7-dimethyl-9-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohexen-1-yl)nona-2,4,6,8-tetraen-1-ol

    81. Vitamin A1 Alcohol, All-trans-

    82. (all-e)-3,7-dimethyl-9-(2,6,6-trimethyl-1-cyclohexen-1-yl)-2,4,6,8-nonatetraen-1-ol

    83. Chembl986

    84. Nsc-122759

    85. G2sh0xkk91

    86. 2,4,6,8-nonatetraen-1-ol, 3,7-dimethyl-9-(2,6,6-trimethyl-1-cyclohexen-1-yl)-, (all-e)-

    87. Axerophtholum

    88. Chebi:17336

    89. Wachstumsvitamin

    90. All-trans-13,14-dihydro Retinol

    91. Vitaminum A

    92. Vitamine A

    93. Vitavel-a

    94. Vitamina

    95. Retinolo [dcit]

    96. Ncgc00017343-07

    97. Cylasphere

    98. Retinolo

    99. Retinolum

    100. Retinol [inn:ban]

    101. Dsstox_cid_3556

    102. Hydrovit A

    103. Retinolum [inn-latin]

    104. 3,7-dimethyl-9-(2,6,6-trimethyl-1-cyclohexen-1-yl)-2,4,6,8-nonatetraen-1-ol

    105. Dsstox_rid_77080

    106. Dsstox_gsid_23556

    107. Ro-a-vit

    108. Trol

    109. Vitamin A Alcohol (van)

    110. Antixerophthalmisches Vitamin

    111. Aquasol A Parenteral

    112. Vi-alpha; Vi-alpha

    113. Rovimix A 500

    114. 9-cis Retinol

    115. Vitamin A1 Alcohol, All Trans

    116. Retinol Solution

    117. Cas-68-26-8

    118. Smr000112036

    119. Retinol (vit A)

    120. [11,12-3h]-retinol

    121. 9-cis,13-cis-retinol

    122. Vitamin A (usp)

    123. Ccris 5444

    124. Hsdb 815

    125. Vitamin A [natural]

    126. Sr-01000763813

    127. Retin-11,12-t2-ol (9ci)

    128. Einecs 200-683-7

    129. Mfcd00001552

    130. Unii-g2sh0xkk91

    131. Nsc 122759

    132. Brn 0403040

    133. Unii-81g40h8b0t

    134. Tegosphere Vita

    135. .alpha.sterol

    136. B-retinol

    137. .alpha.lin

    138. Retinyl A

    139. Trans-retinol Acid (vitamin A)

    140. 1rbp

    141. Vi-.alpha.

    142. Einecs 234-328-2

    143. 3,7-dimethyl-9-(2,6,6-trimethyl-1-cyclchexen-1-yl)-2,4,6,8-nonatetraen-1-ol

    144. (9z)-retinol

    145. 1gx8

    146. Retinol-(cellular-retinol-binding-protein)

    147. Retinol [hsdb]

    148. Retinol [inci]

    149. Retinol [inn]

    150. Spectrum5_000993

    151. Spectrum5_001997

    152. Vitamin A [mi]

    153. Retinol [who-dd]

    154. Retinol, 95%, Synthetic

    155. Ec 200-683-7

    156. All-trans Vitamin A Alcohol

    157. Schembl3112

    158. 3,7-dimethyl-9-(2,6,6-trimethyl-1-cyclohexen-1-yl)-2,4,6,8-nonate-traen-1-ol

    159. 3,7-dimethyl-9-(2,6,6-trimethyl-1-cyclohexen-1-yl)-2,4,6,8-nonatetraen-1-ol, (all-e)-

    160. Alcohol 9,13-dimethyl-7-(1,1,5-trimethyl-6-cyclohexen-5-yl)-7,9,11,13-nonatetraen-15-ol

    161. Bidd:pxr0102

    162. 4-06-00-04133 (beilstein Handbook Reference)

    163. Mls001066379

    164. Mls001074751

    165. Mls006010008

    166. Retinol, All-trans- (8ci)

    167. Spectrum1501203

    168. Gtpl4053

    169. Dtxsid3023556

    170. Hms501i08

    171. 81g40h8b0t

    172. Hms1921b04

    173. Hms2092l13

    174. Hms2270c05

    175. Pharmakon1600-01501203

    176. Bcp06593

    177. Hy-b1342

    178. Zinc3831417

    179. Tox21_110818

    180. Tox21_202441

    181. Tox21_300287

    182. Bdbm50092056

    183. Ccg-38864

    184. Lmpr01090001

    185. Nsc122759

    186. Nsc758150

    187. S5592

    188. Akos015902578

    189. Db00162

    190. Nsc-758150

    191. Sdccgmls-0066724.p001

    192. (2e,4e,6e,8e)-3,7-dimethyl-9-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-enyl)nona-2,4,6,8-tetr Aen-1-ol

    193. Idi1_000486

    194. Retinol Solution, >=95.0% (hplc)

    195. Smp2_000102

    196. Ncgc00017343-02

    197. Ncgc00017343-03

    198. Ncgc00017343-04

    199. Ncgc00017343-05

    200. Ncgc00017343-06

    201. Ncgc00017343-08

    202. Ncgc00017343-09

    203. Ncgc00017343-11

    204. Ncgc00091784-01

    205. Ncgc00091784-02

    206. Ncgc00091784-03

    207. Ncgc00091784-04

    208. Ncgc00091784-05

    209. Ncgc00091784-06

    210. Ncgc00254024-01

    211. Ncgc00259990-01

    212. Ac-11701

    213. Bs-17906

    214. Sbi-0051690.p002

    215. Cs-0013091

    216. C00473

    217. C17276

    218. D06543

    219. Ab00052248_05

    220. 103v574

    221. A836068

    222. Q424976

    223. Retinol, >=95.0% (hplc), ~2700 U/mg

    224. Retinol, Synthetic, >=95% (hplc), Crystalline

    225. J-014834

    226. J-017515

    227. Q-201926

    228. Sr-01000763813-2

    229. Sr-01000763813-4

    230. W-104683

    231. Brd-k22429181-001-06-8

    232. Brd-k64634304-001-01-5

    233. Wln: L6utj A1 B1u1y1&u2u1y1&u2q C1 C1

    234. Retinol, Bioxtra, >=97.5% (hplc), ~3100 U/mg

    235. 3,6,6-trimethyl-1-cyclohexen-1-yl)-2,4,6,8-nonatetraen-1-ol

    236. 2,6,8-nonatetraen-1-ol, 3,7-dimethyl-9-(2,6,6-trimethyl-1-cyclohexen-1-yl)-, (all-e)-

    237. 3,7-dimethyl-9-(2,6,6-trimethyl-1-cyclohexen-1-yl)-2,4,6,8-nonatetraen-1-ol, All (e)-

    238. (2e,4e,6e,8e)-3,7-dimethyl-9-(2,6,6-trimethyl-1-cyclohexenyl)-1-nona-2,4,6,8-tetraenol

    239. (2e,4e,6e,8e)-3,7-dimethyl-9-(2,6,6-trimethyl-1-cyclohexenyl)nona-2,4,6,8-tetraen-1-ol

    240. (2e,4e,6e,8e)-3,7-dimethyl-9-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-enyl)nona-2,4,6,8-tetraen-1-ol

    241. (2z,4z,6z,8z)-3,7-dimethyl-9-(2,6,6-trimethyl-1-cyclohexen-1-yl)-2,4,6,8-nonatetren-1-ol

    242. Retinol Solution, 100 Mug/ml +/- 25% (refer To Coa) (ethanol With 0.1% (w/v) Bht), Ampule Of 1 Ml, Certified Reference Material

    2.4 Create Date
    2004-09-16
    3 Chemical and Physical Properties
    Molecular Weight 286.5 g/mol
    Molecular Formula C20H30O
    XLogP35.7
    Hydrogen Bond Donor Count1
    Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count1
    Rotatable Bond Count5
    Exact Mass286.229665576 g/mol
    Monoisotopic Mass286.229665576 g/mol
    Topological Polar Surface Area20.2 Ų
    Heavy Atom Count21
    Formal Charge0
    Complexity496
    Isotope Atom Count0
    Defined Atom Stereocenter Count0
    Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count0
    Defined Bond Stereocenter Count4
    Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count0
    Covalently Bonded Unit Count1
    4 Drug and Medication Information
    4.1 Therapeutic Uses

    Vitamin A is indicated only for prevention or treatment of vitamin A deficiency states. Vitamin A deficiency may occur as a result of inadequate nutrition or intestinal malabsorption but does not occur in healthy individual receiving an adequate balanced diet. For prophylaxis of vitamin A deficiency, dietary improvement, rather than supplementation, is advisable. For treatment of vitamin A deficiency, supplementation is preferred. /Included in US product labeling/

    Thomson.Micromedex. Drug Information for the Health Care Professional. 24th ed. Volume 1. Plus Updates. Content Reviewed by the United States Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc. Greenwood Village, CO. 2004., p. 2841

    Recommended intakes may be increased and/or supplementation may be necessary in infants receiving unfortified formula or in individuals with the following conditions (based on documented vitamin A deficiency): Diarrhea; gastrectomy; hyperthyroidism; infections, chronic; intestinal diseases: celiac, diarrhea, topical sprue, regional enteritis; malabsorption syndromes associated with pancreatic insufficiency: pancreatic disease, cystic fibrosis; measles; protein deficiency, severe, stress, prolonged; xerophthalmia. /Included in US product labeling/

    Thomson.Micromedex. Drug Information for the Health Care Professional. 24th ed. Volume 1. Plus Updates. Content Reviewed by the United States Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc. Greenwood Village, CO. 2004., p. 2841

    Some unusual diets (e.g., reducing diets that drastically restrict food selection, especially the fat-containing foods) may not supply minimum daily recommended intakes of vitamin A. Supplementation is necessary in patients receiving total parenteral nutrition (TPN) or undergoing rapid weight loss or in those with malnutrition, because of inadequate dietary intake.

    Thomson.Micromedex. Drug Information for the Health Care Professional. 24th ed. Volume 1. Plus Updates. Content Reviewed by the United States Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc. Greenwood Village, CO. 2004., p. 2841

    Recommended intakes for most vitamins and minerals are increased during pregnancy. Many physicians recommend that pregnant women receive multivitamin and mineral supplements, especially those pregnant women who do not consume an adequate diet and those in high-risk categories (i.e., women carrying more than one fetus, heavy cigarette smokers, and alcohol and drug abusers). Taking excessive amounts of a multivitamin and mineral supplement may be harmful to the mother and/or fetus and should be avoided.

    Thomson.Micromedex. Drug Information for the Health Care Professional. 24th ed. Volume 1. Plus Updates. Content Reviewed by the United States Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc. Greenwood Village, CO. 2004., p. 2841

    For more Therapeutic Uses (Complete) data for VITAMIN A (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

    4.2 Drug Warning

    Pregnancy risk category: X /CONTRAINDICATED IN PREGNANCY. Studies in animals or humans, or investigational or post-marketing reports, have demonstrated positive evidence of fetal abnormalities or risk which clearly outweights any possible benefit to the patient./ /Parenteral vitamin A/

    Thomson.Micromedex. Drug Information for the Health Care Professional. 24th ed. Volume 1. Plus Updates. Content Reviewed by the United States Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc. Greenwood Village, CO. 2004., p. 2842

    Doses of vitamin A that do not exceed the physiologic requirement are usually nontoxic.

    Thomson.Micromedex. Drug Information for the Health Care Professional. 24th ed. Volume 1. Plus Updates. Content Reviewed by the United States Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc. Greenwood Village, CO. 2004., p. 3490

    There are insufficient data to show that vitamin A may reduce the occurrence of certain types of cancer.

    Thomson.Micromedex. Drug Information for the Health Care Professional. 24th ed. Volume 1. Plus Updates. Content Reviewed by the United States Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc. Greenwood Village, CO. 2004., p. 2841

    ... Vitamin A has not been proven effective for treatment of renal calculi, hyperthyroidism, anemia, degenerative conditions of the nervous system, sunburn, lung diseases, deafness, osteoarthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, or psoriasis.

    Thomson.Micromedex. Drug Information for the Health Care Professional. 24th ed. Volume 1. Plus Updates. Content Reviewed by the United States Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc. Greenwood Village, CO. 2004., p. 2841

    For more Drug Warnings (Complete) data for VITAMIN A (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

    4.3 Drug Indication

    For the treatment of vitamin A deficiency.

    5 Pharmacology and Biochemistry
    5.1 Pharmacology

    Vitamin A is effective for the treatment of Vitamin A deficiency. Vitamin A refers to a group of fat-soluble substances that are structurally related to and possess the biological activity of the parent substance of the group called all-trans retinol or retinol. Vitamin A plays vital roles in vision, epithelial differentiation, growth, reproduction, pattern formation during embryogenesis, bone development, hematopoiesis and brain development. It is also important for the maintenance of the proper functioning of the immune system.

    5.2 MeSH Pharmacological Classification

    Vitamins

    Organic substances that are required in small amounts for maintenance and growth, but which cannot be manufactured by the human body. (See all compounds classified as Vitamins.)

    5.3 FDA Pharmacological Classification
    5.3.1 Pharmacological Classes
    Vitamin A [EPC]; Vitamin A [CS]
    5.4 ATC Code

    A - Alimentary tract and metabolism

    A11 - Vitamins

    A11C - Vitamin a and d, incl. combinations of the two

    A11CA - Vitamin a, plain

    A11CA01 - Retinol (vit A)

    D - Dermatologicals

    D10 - Anti-acne preparations

    D10A - Anti-acne preparations for topical use

    D10AD - Retinoids for topical use in acne

    D10AD02 - Retinol

    R - Respiratory system

    R01 - Nasal preparations

    R01A - Decongestants and other nasal preparations for topical use

    R01AX - Other nasal preparations

    R01AX02 - Retinol

    S - Sensory organs

    S01 - Ophthalmologicals

    S01X - Other ophthalmologicals

    S01XA - Other ophthalmologicals

    S01XA02 - Retinol

    5.5 Absorption, Distribution and Excretion

    Absorption

    Readily absorbed from the normal gastrointestinal tract

    Vitamin A is distributed into breast milk ... .

    Thomson.Micromedex. Drug Information for the Health Care Professional. 24th ed. Volume 1. Plus Updates. Content Reviewed by the United States Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc. Greenwood Village, CO. 2004., p. 2842

    Less than 5% of circulating vitamin A is bound to lipoproteins in blood (normal), but may be up to 65% when hepatic stores are saturated because of excessive intake. The amount of vitamin A bound to lipoproteins may be increased in hyperlipoproteinemia. When released from liver, vitamin A is bound to retinol-binding protein (RBP). Most vitamin A circulates in the form of retinol bound to RBP.

    Thomson.Micromedex. Drug Information for the Health Care Professional. 24th ed. Volume 1. Plus Updates. Content Reviewed by the United States Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc. Greenwood Village, CO. 2004., p. 2841

    Storage: Hepatic (approximately 2 years' adult requirements), with small amounts stored in kidney and lung tissues. Zinc is required for mobilization of vitamin A reserves in the liver.

    Thomson.Micromedex. Drug Information for the Health Care Professional. 24th ed. Volume 1. Plus Updates. Content Reviewed by the United States Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc. Greenwood Village, CO. 2004., p. 2841

    More than 90% of the intake of preformed vitamin A is in the form of retinol esters, usually as retinyl palmitate. ... When a large excess is ingested, some of the vitamin escapes in the feces. ... Absorption ... is related to that of lipid and is enhanced by bile. ... Aqueous dispersions ... are absorbed more rapidly than are oily solution.

    Hardman, J.G., L.E. Limbird, P.B., A.G. Gilman. Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 10th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 2001., p. 1779

    For more Absorption, Distribution and Excretion (Complete) data for VITAMIN A (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

    5.6 Metabolism/Metabolites

    Hepatic. Retinol is conjugated with glucuronic acid; the B-glucuronide undergoes enterohepatic circulation and oxidation to retinol and retinoic acid. Retinoic acid undergoes decarboxylation and conjugation with glucuronic acid.

    Retinol is converted to retinyl phosphate in epithelial tissues, and this intermediate is in turn metabolized to mannosylretinylphosphate in a reaction that is catalyzed by a microsomal enzyme and requires guanosine diphosphomannose as a glycosyl donor. ... /the vitamin A/ mediates transfer of mannose to specific glycoproteins.

    Hardman, J.G., L.E. Limbird, P.B., A.G. Gilman. Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 10th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 2001., p. 1777

    Retinol is in part conjugated to form a beta-glucuronide, which undergoes enterohepatic circulation and is oxidized to retinal and retinoic acid.

    Hardman, J.G., L.E. Limbird, P.B., A.G. Gilman. Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 10th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 2001., p. 1781

    Within the retina, all-trans-retinol is oxidized to retinal by alcohol dehydrogenases, and is then Isomerized to the 11-cis-isomer which combines with opsin in the rod to yield rhodopsin, and with different opsins in human cones to yield three different iodopsin pigments.

    The Chemical Society. Foreign Compound Metabolism in Mammals. Volume 1: A Review of the Literature Published Between 1960 and 1969. London: The Chemical Society, 1970., p. 254

    Retinoic acid (RA) is the bioactive metabolite of vitamin A (retinol) which acts on cells to establish or change the pattern of gene activity. Retinol is converted to RA by the action of two types of enzyme, retinol dehydrogenases and retinal dehydrogenases. In the nucleus RA acts as a ligand to activate two families of transcription factors, the RA receptors (RAR) and the retinoid X receptors (RXR) which heterodimerize and bind to the upstream sequences of RA-responsive genes.

    PMID:10828175 Maden M; Proc Nutr Soc 59 (1): 65-73 (2000)

    Retinol has known human metabolites that include 4-Hydroxyretinol and retinal.

    S73 | METXBIODB | Metabolite Reaction Database from BioTransformer | DOI:10.5281/zenodo.4056560

    5.7 Biological Half-Life

    1.9 hours

    Hepatic reserves of vitamin A decrease with a half-life of about 50 days in animals ...

    Gilman, A. G., L. S. Goodman, and A. Gilman. (eds.). Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 6th ed. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc. 1980., p. 1589

    5.8 Mechanism of Action

    Vision:Vitamin A (all-trans retinol) is converted in the retina to the 11-cis-isomer of retinaldehyde or 11-cis-retinal. 11-cis-retinal functions in the retina in the transduction of light into the neural signals necessary for vision. 11-cis-retinal, while attached to opsin in rhodopsin is isomerized to all-trans-retinal by light. This is the event that triggers the nerve impulse to the brain which allows for the perception of light. All-trans-retinal is then released from opsin and reduced to all-trans-retinol. All-trans-retinol is isomerized to 11-cis-retinol in the dark, and then oxidized to 11-cis-retinal. 11-cis-retinal recombines with opsin to re-form rhodopsin. Night blindness or defective vision at low illumination results from a failure to re-synthesize 11-cis retinal rapidly.
    Epithelial differentiation: The role of Vitamin A in epithelial differentiation, as well as in other physiological processes, involves the binding of Vitamin A to two families of nuclear retinoid receptors (retinoic acid receptors, RARs; and retinoid-X receptors, RXRs). These receptors function as ligand-activated transcription factors that modulate gene transcription. When there is not enough Vitamin A to bind these receptors, natural cell differentiation and growth are interrupted.

    Topical vitamin A can reverse the impairment of wound healing seen in patients receiving corticosteroids, perhaps by restoring the normal inflammatory reaction in the wound. The possibility has been suggested that systemic vitamin A could inhibit the anti-inflammatory effect of systemic corticosteroids.

    Hansten P.D. Drug Interactions. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger, 1985., p. 322

    Retinol arrested proliferation of cultured neuroblastoma cells at concentrations of 50 um. A correlation existed between inhibition of growth and inhibition of ornithine decarboxylase in both neuroblastoma cells and glioma cells with retinol.

    PMID:6770209 Chapman S; LIFE SCI 26 (16): 1359 (1980)

    In rats exptl-hypervitaminosis A has been shown ... to produce severe damage of the retina, mainly in the pigment epithelium according to electron microscopy. Alcohol dehydrogenase activity was shown to disappear in the pigment epithelium and visual cells ... .

    Grant, W.M. Toxicology of the Eye. 3rd ed. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas Publisher, 1986., p. 9795

    /The authors/ have shown that in an experimental cell culture system consisting of carcinogen-treated 10T1/2 cells, both retinoids and all dietary carotenoids examined can reversibly inhibit neoplastic transformation in the post-initiation phase of carcinogenesis. This activity strongly correlates with their ability to increase gap junctional intercellular communication by up-regulating the expression of the gene CX43 (connexin43). Connexins comprise the structural unit of gap junctions, organelles which allow direct transfer of signals, nutrients and waste products between contacting cells. CX43 is the most widely expressed member of the gap junction family of genes, and we have demonstrated that its expression is strongly down-regulated in human cancers and in several premalignant conditions. When several human tumour cell lines were genetically engineered to conditionally express CX43 under the influence of a tetracycline promoter, their neoplastic phenotype was strongly attenuated. Specifically, induced cells were inhibited from growing in an anchorage-independent manner and, additionally, growth as xenografts in immunocompromised animals was also strongly attenuated. Growth inhibition in suspension was associated both with increased G(1) cell-cycle arrest and with increased apoptosis. /The authors/ propose a model whereby junctional communication allows the transfer of growth inhibitory signals from normal to neoplastic cells and that retinoids and carotenoids, by increasing signal transfer, act to prevent cancer.

    PMID:15506943 Bertram JS; Biochem Soc Trans 32 (Pt 6) :985-9 (2004)

    DRUG PRODUCT COMPOSITIONS

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    DOSAGE - FOR SOLUTION;INTRAVENOUS - 80MG/VIAL...DOSAGE - FOR SOLUTION;INTRAVENOUS - 80MG/VIAL;0.02MG/VIAL;0.001MG/VIAL;5MG/VIAL;0.01MG/VIAL;0.14MG/VIAL;17MG/VIAL;0.2MG/VIAL;1MG/VIAL;1.4MG/VIAL;EQ 1.2MG BASE/VIAL;0.7MG/VIAL;7MG/VIAL

    USFDA APPLICATION NUMBER - 18920

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    DOSAGE - INJECTABLE;INTRAVENOUS - 200MG/VIAL;...DOSAGE - INJECTABLE;INTRAVENOUS - 200MG/VIAL;0.06MG/VIAL;0.005MG/VIAL;15MG/VIAL;0.005MG/VIAL;0.6MG/VIAL;40MG/VIAL;6MG/VIAL;3.6MG/VIAL;6MG/VIAL;1MG/VIAL;10MG/VIAL;0.15MG/VIAL

    USFDA APPLICATION NUMBER - 21625

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    DOSAGE - INJECTABLE;INJECTION - 20MG/ML;0.006...DOSAGE - INJECTABLE;INJECTION - 20MG/ML;0.006MG/ML;0.05MCG/ML;1.5MG/ML;0.0005MG/ML;0.06MG/ML;4MG/ML;0.6MG/ML;0.36MG/ML;0.6MG/ML;0.1MG/ML;1MG/ML

    USFDA APPLICATION NUMBER - 8809

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    ABOUT THIS PAGE

    Looking for 68-26-8 / Vitamin A API manufacturers, exporters & distributors?

    Vitamin A manufacturers, exporters & distributors 1

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    PharmaCompass offers a list of Vitamin A API manufacturers, exporters & distributors, which can be sorted by GMP, USDMF, JDMF, KDMF, CEP (COS), WC, Price,and more, enabling you to easily find the right Vitamin A manufacturer or Vitamin A supplier for your needs.

    Send us enquiries for free, and we will assist you in establishing a direct connection with your preferred Vitamin A manufacturer or Vitamin A supplier.

    PharmaCompass also assists you with knowing the Vitamin A API Price utilized in the formulation of products. Vitamin A API Price is not always fixed or binding as the Vitamin A Price is obtained through a variety of data sources. The Vitamin A Price can also vary due to multiple factors, including market conditions, regulatory modifications, or negotiated pricing deals.

    API | Excipient name

    Vitamin A

    Synonyms

    All-trans-retinol, 68-26-8, Vitamin a1, Alphalin, Axerophthol, Afaxin

    Cas Number

    68-26-8

    Unique Ingredient Identifier (UNII)

    G2SH0XKK91

    About Vitamin A

    Retinol and derivatives of retinol that play an essential role in metabolic functioning of the retina, the growth of and differentiation of epithelial tissue, the growth of bone, reproduction, and the immune response. Dietary vitamin A is derived from a variety of CAROTENOIDS found in plants. It is enriched in the liver, egg yolks, and the fat component of dairy products.

    b-Retinol Manufacturers

    A b-Retinol manufacturer is defined as any person or entity involved in the manufacture, preparation, processing, compounding or propagation of b-Retinol, including repackagers and relabelers. The FDA regulates b-Retinol manufacturers to ensure that their products comply with relevant laws and regulations and are safe and effective to use. b-Retinol API Manufacturers are required to adhere to Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) to ensure that their products are consistently manufactured to meet established quality criteria.

    click here to find a list of b-Retinol manufacturers with USDMF, JDMF, KDMF, CEP, GMP, COA and API Price related information on PhamaCompass.

    b-Retinol Suppliers

    A b-Retinol supplier is an individual or a company that provides b-Retinol active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) or b-Retinol finished formulations upon request. The b-Retinol suppliers may include b-Retinol API manufacturers, exporters, distributors and traders.

    click here to find a list of b-Retinol suppliers with USDMF, JDMF, KDMF, CEP, GMP, COA and API Price related information on PharmaCompass.

    b-Retinol USDMF

    A b-Retinol DMF (Drug Master File) is a document detailing the whole manufacturing process of b-Retinol active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) in detail. Different forms of b-Retinol DMFs exist exist since differing nations have different regulations, such as b-Retinol USDMF, ASMF (EDMF), JDMF, CDMF, etc.

    A b-Retinol DMF submitted to regulatory agencies in the US is known as a USDMF. b-Retinol USDMF includes data on b-Retinol's chemical properties, information on the facilities and procedures used, and details about packaging and storage. The b-Retinol USDMF is kept confidential to protect the manufacturer’s intellectual property.

    click here to find a list of b-Retinol suppliers with USDMF on PharmaCompass.

    b-Retinol JDMF

    The Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency (PMDA) established the Japan Drug Master File (JDMF), also known as the Master File (MF), to permit Japanese and foreign manufacturers of drug substances, intermediates, excipients, raw materials, and packaging materials (‘Products’) to voluntarily register confidential information about the production and management of their products in Japan.

    The b-Retinol Drug Master File in Japan (b-Retinol JDMF) empowers b-Retinol API manufacturers to present comprehensive information (e.g., production methods, data, etc.) to the review authority, i.e., PMDA (Pharmaceuticals & Medical Devices Agency).

    PMDA reviews the b-Retinol JDMF during the approval evaluation for pharmaceutical products. At the time of b-Retinol JDMF registration, PMDA checks if the format is accurate, if the necessary items have been included (application), and if data has been attached.

    click here to find a list of b-Retinol suppliers with JDMF on PharmaCompass.

    b-Retinol CEP

    A b-Retinol CEP of the European Pharmacopoeia monograph is often referred to as a b-Retinol Certificate of Suitability (COS). The purpose of a b-Retinol CEP is to show that the European Pharmacopoeia monograph adequately controls the purity of b-Retinol EP produced by a given manufacturer. Suppliers of raw materials can prove the suitability of b-Retinol to their clients by showing that a b-Retinol CEP has been issued for it. The manufacturer submits a b-Retinol CEP (COS) as part of the market authorization procedure, and it takes on the role of a b-Retinol CEP holder for the record. Additionally, the data presented in the b-Retinol CEP (COS) is managed confidentially and offers a centralized system acknowledged by numerous nations, exactly like the b-Retinol DMF.

    A b-Retinol CEP (COS) is recognised by all 36 nations that make up the European Pharmacopoeia Convention. b-Retinol CEPs may be accepted in nations that are not members of the Ph. Eur. at the discretion of the authorities there.

    click here to find a list of b-Retinol suppliers with CEP (COS) on PharmaCompass.

    b-Retinol GMP

    b-Retinol Active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) is produced in GMP-certified manufacturing facility.

    GMP stands for Good Manufacturing Practices, which is a system used in the pharmaceutical industry to make sure that goods are regularly produced and monitored in accordance with quality standards. The FDA’s current Good Manufacturing Practices requirements are referred to as cGMP or current GMP which indicates that the company follows the most recent GMP specifications. The World Health Organization (WHO) has its own set of GMP guidelines, called the WHO GMP. Different countries can also set their own guidelines for GMP like China (Chinese GMP) or the EU (EU GMP).

    PharmaCompass offers a list of b-Retinol GMP manufacturers, exporters & distributors, which can be sorted by USDMF, JDMF, KDMF, CEP (COS), WC, API price, and more, enabling you to easily find the right b-Retinol GMP manufacturer or b-Retinol GMP API supplier for your needs.

    b-Retinol CoA

    A b-Retinol CoA (Certificate of Analysis) is a formal document that attests to b-Retinol's compliance with b-Retinol specifications and serves as a tool for batch-level quality control.

    b-Retinol CoA mostly includes findings from lab analyses of a specific batch. For each b-Retinol CoA document that a company creates, the USFDA specifies specific requirements, such as supplier information, material identification, transportation data, evidence of conformity and signature data.

    b-Retinol may be tested according to a variety of international standards, such as European Pharmacopoeia (b-Retinol EP), b-Retinol JP (Japanese Pharmacopeia) and the US Pharmacopoeia (b-Retinol USP).

    Inform the supplier about your product requirements, specifying if you need a product with particular monograph like EP (Ph. Eur.), USP, JP, BP, or any other quality. In addition, clarify whether you need hydrochloride (HCl), anhydricum, base, micronisatum or a specific level of purity. To find reputable suppliers, utilize the filters and select those certified by GMP, FDA, or any other certification as per your requirement.
    For your convenience, we have listed synonyms and CAS numbers to help you find the best supplier. The use of synonyms and CAS numbers can be helpful in identifying potential suppliers, but it is crucial to note that they might not always indicate the exact same product. It is important to confirm the product details with the supplier before making a purchase to ensure that it meets your requirements.
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