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Also known as: 1259305-29-7, Aristada, Rdc-3317, Alks 9072, Aristada initio, Aripiprazole lauroxil [usan]
Molecular Formula
C36H51Cl2N3O4
Molecular Weight
660.7  g/mol
InChI Key
DDINXHAORAAYAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N
FDA UNII
B786J7A343

Aripiprazole Lauroxil
Aripiprazole lauroxil is a long-acting injectable atypical antipsychotic drug used in the treatment of schizophrenia in adult patients. It is a prodrug of [aripiprazole], which acts as a partial agonist at the D2 and 5-HT1A receptors, and as an antagonist at the 5-HT2A receptors. Affecting about 1% of the adult population in the United States and approximately 26 million people worldwide, schizophrenia is a chronic neurological disorder that may result in impairments in cognition and executive functions. The quality of life in patients is greatly reduced due to negative health outcomes, and oftentimes the patients are faced with social stigma and discriminations. Schizophrenia is characterized by positive symptoms such as delusions, hallucinations, thought disorders, and catanoia, and negative symptoms that include social withdrawal, anhedonia, and flattening of emotional responses. D2 receptors have been the most common target for antipsychotic agents used in the treatment of schizophrenia: the positive symptoms are thought to arise from overactivity in the mesolimbic dopaminergic pathway activating D2 receptors, whereas negative symptoms may result from a decreased activity in the mesocortical dopaminergic pathway with D1 receptors predominating. In a randomized, double-blind clinical trial, treatment of aripiprazole lauroxil in adult patients with schizophrenia resulted in improvement of positive and negative symptoms scores at day 85 of treatment. Aripiprazole lauroxil was initially approved by the FDA in October 2015 under the market name Aristada for the treatment of schizophrenia. It is administered via intramuscular injection, and requires the establishment of tolerability prior to dosing in treatment-nave patients. On July 2nd, a different formulation of aripiprazole lauroxil marketed as Aristada Initio was FDA-approved for immediate initiation of Aristada at any dose. The patients may receive Aristada Initio in combination with a single 30 mg oral dose of aripiprazole to achieve appropriate levels of aripiprazole more rapidly. Long-acting injectable aripiprazole lauroxil displayed comparable efficacy and safety to aripiprazole, and reduced dosing frequency improves patient adherence.
1 2D Structure

Aripiprazole Lauroxil

2 Identification
2.1 Computed Descriptors
2.1.1 IUPAC Name
[7-[4-[4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]butoxy]-2-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinolin-1-yl]methyl dodecanoate
2.1.2 InChI
InChI=1S/C36H51Cl2N3O4/c1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-16-35(43)45-28-41-33-27-30(19-17-29(33)18-20-34(41)42)44-26-12-11-21-39-22-24-40(25-23-39)32-15-13-14-31(37)36(32)38/h13-15,17,19,27H,2-12,16,18,20-26,28H2,1H3
2.1.3 InChI Key
DDINXHAORAAYAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N
2.1.4 Canonical SMILES
CCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)OCN1C(=O)CCC2=C1C=C(C=C2)OCCCCN3CCN(CC3)C4=C(C(=CC=C4)Cl)Cl
2.2 Other Identifiers
2.2.1 UNII
B786J7A343
2.3 Synonyms
2.3.1 MeSH Synonyms

1. Aristada

2.3.2 Depositor-Supplied Synonyms

1. 1259305-29-7

2. Aristada

3. Rdc-3317

4. Alks 9072

5. Aristada Initio

6. Aripiprazole Lauroxil [usan]

7. Alks 9070

8. Rdc 3317

9. [7-[4-[4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]butoxy]-2-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinolin-1-yl]methyl Dodecanoate

10. Alks-9070

11. Alks-9072

12. Rdc3317

13. B786j7a343

14. Aripiprazole Lauroxil (usan)

15. Dodecanoic Acid, (7-(4-(4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-1-piperazinyl)butoxy)-3,4-dihydro-2-oxo-1(2h)-quinolinyl)methyl Ester

16. (7-(4-(4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl)butoxy)-2-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinolin-1(2h)-yl)methyl Dodecanoate

17. Unii-b786j7a343

18. Aristada (tn)

19. [7-{4-[4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]butoxy}-2-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinolin-1(2h)-yl]methyl Dodecanoate

20. Aripiprazole-lauroxil

21. Aripiprazol- Lauroxil

22. Schembl1044330

23. Chembl2219425

24. Chebi:90930

25. Dtxsid60154997

26. Aripiprazole Lauroxil [mi]

27. Bcp14993

28. Ex-a4069

29. Mfcd26967976

30. Zinc95564895

31. Aripiprazole Lauroxil [who-dd]

32. Db14185

33. Ncgc00532501-01

34. Ac-36504

35. As-35241

36. Aripiprazole Lauroxil [orange Book]

37. Hy-108751

38. Cs-0030962

39. D10364

40. A856290

41. Q25323757

42. Dodecanoic Acid [7-[4-[4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-1-piperazinyl]butoxy]-3,4-dihydro-2-oxo-1(2h)-quinolinyl]methyl Ester

2.4 Create Date
2011-01-10
3 Chemical and Physical Properties
Molecular Weight 660.7 g/mol
Molecular Formula C36H51Cl2N3O4
XLogP310
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count0
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count6
Rotatable Bond Count20
Exact Mass659.3256625 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass659.3256625 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area62.3 Ų
Heavy Atom Count45
Formal Charge0
Complexity858
Isotope Atom Count0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count0
Covalently Bonded Unit Count1
4 Drug and Medication Information
4.1 Drug Indication

Aripiprazole lauroxil is indicated for the treatment of schizophrenia and related psychotic disorders.


FDA Label


5 Pharmacology and Biochemistry
5.1 Pharmacology

Aripiprazole, which is a major pharmacological metabolite of aripiprazole lauroxil, serves to improve the positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia by modulating dopaminergic signalling pathways. Aripiprazole lauroxil is reported to have minimal effects on sexual function or prolactin levels.


5.2 MeSH Pharmacological Classification

Antipsychotic Agents

Agents that control agitated psychotic behavior, alleviate acute psychotic states, reduce psychotic symptoms, and exert a quieting effect. They are used in SCHIZOPHRENIA; senile dementia; transient psychosis following surgery; or MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; etc. These drugs are often referred to as neuroleptics alluding to the tendency to produce neurological side effects, but not all antipsychotics are likely to produce such effects. Many of these drugs may also be effective against nausea, emesis, and pruritus. (See all compounds classified as Antipsychotic Agents.)


5.3 Absorption, Distribution and Excretion

Absorption

Following a single extended-release intramuscular injection of aripiprazole lauroxil, aripiprazole can be detected in the systemic circulation from 5 to 6 days and is continued to be released for an additional 36 days. The concentrations of aripiprazole increases with consecutive doses of aripiprazole lauroxil and the steady state is reached following the fourth monthly injection. The systemic exposure to aripiprazole was similar when comparing deltoid and gluteal intramuscular injections.


Route of Elimination

Based on the pharmacokinetic study for aripiprazole, less than 1% of unchanged aripiprazole was excreted in the urine and approximately 18% of the oral dose was recovered unchanged in the feces.


Volume of Distribution

Based on population pharmacokinetic analysis, the apparent volume of distribution of aripiprazole following intramuscular injection of aripiprazole lauroxil was 268 L, indicating extensive extravascular distribution following absorption. Health human volunteer study indicates that aripiprazole crosses the blood-brain barrier.


Clearance

In rats, the clearance for aripiprazole lauroxil was 0.32 0.11 L/h/kg following injection of aripiprazole lauroxil molar equivalent to 5 mg aripiprazole/kg.


5.4 Metabolism/Metabolites

Aripiprazole lauroxil is hydrolyzed to form N-hydroxymethyl-aripiprazole via esterases. N-hydroxymethyl-aripiprazole undergoes a rapid, nonenzymatic spontaneous cleavage, or water-mediated hydrolysis, to form aripiprazole, which mainly contributes to the pharmacological actions of aripiprazole lauroxil. Aripiprazole is further metabolized by hepatic CYP3A4 and CYP2D6 to form dehydro-aripiprazole, which retains some pharmacological activity. Dehydro-aripiprazole displays affinities for D2 receptors similar to aripiprazole and represents 30-40% of the aripiprazole exposure in plasma. Cytochrome P450 2D6 is subject to genetic polymorphism, which results in pharmacokinetic differences among CYP2D6 metabolizer phenotypes and dosage adjustments accordingly.


5.5 Biological Half-Life

The mean aripiprazole terminal elimination half-life ranged from 29.2 days to 34.9 days after every 4-week injection of aripiprazole lauroxil 441, 662 and 882 mg.


5.6 Mechanism of Action

The pharmacological activity of aripiprazole lauroxil is thought to be mainly mediated by its metabolite aripiprazole, and to a lesser extent, dehydro-aripiprazole. Aripiprazole functions as a partial agonist at the dopamine D2 and the serotonin 5-HT1A receptors, and as an antagonist at the serotonin 5-HT2A receptor. The desired outcome of antipsuchotic agents in schizophrenia is to inhibit dopaminergic transmission in the limbic system and enhance dopaminergic transmission in the prefrontal cortex. As a partial agonist at D2 receptors in the mesolimbic dopaminergic pathway, aripiprazole acts as a functional antagonist in the mesolimbic dopamine pathway and reduces the extent of dopaminergic pathway activity. This results in reduced positive symptoms in schizophrenia and extrapyramidal motor side effects. In contrast, aripiprazole is thought to act as a functional agonist in the mesocortical pathway, where reduced dopamine activity is seen in association with negative symptoms and cognitive impairment. Antagonism at 5-HT2A receptors by aripiprazole alleviates the negative symptoms and cognitive impairment of schizophrenia. 5-HT2A receptors are Gi/Go-coupled that upon activation, produce neuronal inhibition via decreased neuronal excitability and decreased transmitter release at the nerve terminals. In the nigrostriatal pathway, 5-HT2A regulates the release of dopamine. Through antagonism of 5-HT2A receptors, aripiprazole disinhibits the release of dopamine in the striatum and enhance the levels of the transmitters at the nerve terminals. The combined effects of D2 and 5-HT2A antagonism are thought to counteract the increased dopamine function causing increased extrapyramidal side effects. Blocking 5-HT2A receptors may also lead to the modulation of glutamate release in the mesocortical circuit, which is a transmitter that plays a role in schizophrenia. 5-HT1A receptors are autoreceptors that inhibit 5-HT release upon activation. Aripiprazole is a partial agonist at theses receptors and reduces 5-HT release; this results in potentiated dopamine release in the striatum and prefrontal cortex. It is reported that therapeutic doses of aripiprazole occupies up to 90% of brain D2 receptors in a dose-dependent manner. Apripiprazole targets different receptors that lead to drug-related adverse reactions; for example, the antagonist activity at the alpha-1 adrenergic receptors results in orthostatic hypotension. Aripiprazole's antagonism of histamine H1 receptors may explain the somnolence observed with this drug.


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30-Dec-2023
30-Dec-2023
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USFDA APPLICATION NUMBER - 207533

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DOSAGE - SUSPENSION, EXTENDED RELEASE;INTRAMU...DOSAGE - SUSPENSION, EXTENDED RELEASE;INTRAMUSCULAR - 662MG/2.4ML (275.83MG/ML)

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DOSAGE - SUSPENSION, EXTENDED RELEASE;INTRAMU...DOSAGE - SUSPENSION, EXTENDED RELEASE;INTRAMUSCULAR - 882MG/3.2ML (275.63MG/ML)

USFDA APPLICATION NUMBER - 207533

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DOSAGE - SUSPENSION, EXTENDED RELEASE;INTRAMU...DOSAGE - SUSPENSION, EXTENDED RELEASE;INTRAMUSCULAR - 675MG/2.4ML (281.25MG/ML)

USFDA APPLICATION NUMBER - 209830

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