01 Nanjing Well Pharmaceutical (11)
02 Rochem International Inc (6)
03 SPI Pharma (9)
04 DKSH (1)
05 Jai Radhe Sales (1)
06 Gangwal Healthcare (11)
07 Actylis (7)
08 Aeon Procare (2)
09 Anhui Sunhere Pharmaceutical Excipients Co.,Ltd (5)
10 BASF (4)
11 DFE Pharma (3)
12 Finar (2)
13 Gangwal Chemicals (8)
14 Ingredion Pharma Solutions (2)
15 Kerry (23)
16 Kima Chemical (2)
17 Microlex e.U (15)
18 Nanjing Bold Chemical (4)
19 Prachin Chemical (2)
20 Roquette (49)
21 Seppic (29)
22 Shanghai Shenmei Pharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd (4)
23 Shijiazhuang Huaxu Pharmaceutical (2)
24 Sigachi Industries (6)
25 The Dow Chemical Company (1)
26 Vasa Pharmachem (1)
27 Zhejiang Huakang Pharmaceutical (4)
01 Capsule (46)
02 Cream / Lotion / Ointment (13)
03 Dry Syrup (1)
04 Emulsion (7)
05 Gel (5)
06 Granule / Pellet (7)
07 Inhaler (4)
08 Injectable / Parenteral (10)
09 Nasal Solution (4)
10 Ophthalmic Solution (4)
11 Orodispersible Tablet (6)
12 Paste (1)
13 Shampoo (1)
14 Softgel Capsule (8)
15 Softgels (4)
16 Solution (2)
17 Suppository (1)
18 Suspension (8)
19 Syrup (5)
20 Tablet (77)
01 Austria (15)
02 China (32)
03 France (78)
04 Germany (7)
05 India (33)
06 Switzerland (1)
07 U.S.A (48)
Applications:
Ingredient(s): Polysorbate 80
Dosage Form: Cream / Lotion / Ointment, Emulsion, Gel, Injectable / Parenteral, Tablet
Category: Parenteral, Solubilizers, Topical
Technical Specifications: NA
Applications:
Ingredient(s): Carboxymethyl cellulose excipient
Dosage Form: Capsule, Cream / Lotion / Ointment, Emulsion, Suspension, Tablet
Category: Coating Systems & Additives, Disintegrants & Superdisintegrants, Fillers, Diluents & Binders, Thickeners and Stabilizers
Technical Specifications: NA
Applications:
Ingredient(s): Sorbitol
Dosage Form: Tablet
Category: Taste Masking
Technical Specifications: NA
Applications:
Ingredient(s): Fructose, Starch
Dosage Form: Orodispersible Tablet, Tablet
Category: Chewable & Orodispersible Aids, Direct Compression, Taste Masking
Technical Specifications: NA
Applications:
Ingredient(s): Sorbitol
Dosage Form: Tablet
Category: Fillers, Diluents & Binders
Technical Specifications: Not Available
Applications:
Ingredient(s): Polysorbate 80
Dosage Form: Cream / Lotion / Ointment
Category: Emulsifying Agents, Solubilizers, Surfactant & Foaming Agents, Topical
Technical Specifications: NA
Applications:
Ingredient(s): EthylCellulose, Hydroxypropyl Cellulose, Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose, Magnesium Stearate, Maize Starch, Microcrystalline Cellulose, Silicon Dioxide, Talc
Category: Co-Processed Excipients, Controlled & Modified Release, Fillers, Diluents & Binders
Technical Specifications: NA
Applications:
Ingredient(s): Benzyl Alcohol
Dosage Form: Cream / Lotion / Ointment, Gel, Injectable / Parenteral, Tablet
Category: Parenteral, Solubilizers, Topical
Technical Specifications: NA
Applications:
Ingredient(s): Lactose Monohydrate
Dosage Form: Injectable / Parenteral
Category: Parenteral
Technical Specifications: NA
Applications:
Ingredient(s): Sorbitan Excipient, Sorbitol
Dosage Form: Softgels
Category: Film Formers & Plasticizers
Technical Specifications: NA
Applications:
Ingredient(s): Mannitol, Sorbitol
Dosage Form: Tablet, Orodispersible Tablet
Category: Chewable & Orodispersible Aids, Co-Processed Excipients, Direct Compression, Fillers, Diluents & Binders, Taste Masking
Technical Specifications: NA
Applications:
Ingredient(s): Sorbitan Excipient, Sorbitol
Dosage Form: Softgels
Category: Film Formers & Plasticizers
Technical Specifications: NA
Applications:
Ingredient(s): Magnesium Hydroxide Excipient, Starch
Dosage Form: Orodispersible Tablet, Tablet
Category: Chewable & Orodispersible Aids, Direct Compression, Taste Masking
Technical Specifications: PSD D50: 150-170, Taped Density: 0.80
Applications:
Ingredient(s): Calcium Carbonate Excipient, Starch
Dosage Form: Orodispersible Tablet, Tablet
Category: Chewable & Orodispersible Aids, Direct Compression, Taste Masking
Technical Specifications: PSD D50: 150-175, Tapped Density: 0.85
Applications:
Ingredient(s): Sorbitol
Dosage Form: Softgels
Category: Film Formers & Plasticizers
Technical Specifications: NA
Applications:
Ingredient(s): Lactose Monohydrate
Category: Co-Processed Excipients, Direct Compression
Technical Specifications: NA
Applications:
Ingredient(s): Lactose Monohydrate, Microcrystalline Cellulose
Category: Co-Processed Excipients, Direct Compression, Disintegrants & Superdisintegrants
Technical Specifications: NA
Applications:
Ingredient(s): Lactose Monohydrate, Microcrystalline Cellulose
Category: Fillers, Diluents & Binders
Technical Specifications: NA
Applications:
Ingredient(s): Lactose Monohydrate, Maize Starch
Category: Co-Processed Excipients, Direct Compression, Fillers, Diluents & Binders
Technical Specifications: NA
Applications:
Ingredient(s): Magnesium Stearate
Category: Fillers, Diluents & Binders, Lubricants & Glidants
Technical Specifications: Specific Surface Area-6-10 m2/g; Particle Size-7-11 µm
Applications:
Ingredient(s): Sorbitol
Category: Taste Masking
Technical Specifications: Pharma Grade/Food Grade
Applications:
Ingredient(s): Hydroxypropyl Pea Starch, Sorbitol, Stearic Acid, Hydroxypropyl Pea Starch, Sorbitol, Stearic Acid, Hydroxypropyl Pea Starch, Sorbitol, Stearic Acid
Category: Coating Systems & Additives, Film Formers & Plasticizers
Technical Specifications: Not Available
Applications:
Ingredient(s): Benzyl Alcohol Excipient
Dosage Form: Cream / Lotion / Ointment
Category: Topical
Technical Specifications: Not Available
Applications:
Adsorbent, Moisture Protection, Stabilization of API
Ingredient(s): Silicon Dioxide
Dosage Form: Tablet
Category: API Stability Enhancers, Thickeners and Stabilizers
Technical Specifications: Also Available as FUJISIL-F
Applications:
Ingredient(s): Corn Starch
Dosage Form: Emulsion
Category: Thickeners and Stabilizers
Technical Specifications: NA
Applications:
Ingredient(s): Magnesium Stearate
Category: Fillers, Diluents & Binders, Lubricants & Glidants
Technical Specifications: Specific Surface Area-8-12 m2/g; Particle Size-5-9 µm
Applications:
Ingredient(s): Magnesium Stearate
Dosage Form: Tablet
Category: Lubricants & Glidants
Technical Specifications: NA
Applications:
Fully Pregel Starch Corn is used as a binder in wet granulation in the manufacturing of tablets.
Ingredient(s): Corn Starch, Pregelatinized, Corn Starch
Dosage Form: Tablet
Category: Fillers, Diluents & Binders, Granulation
Technical Specifications: NA
Applications:
Polysorbate 80 acts as solubilizer, emulsifier and wetting agent.
Ingredient(s): Polysorbate 80
Dosage Form: Capsule, Cream / Lotion / Ointment, Suspension, Tablet
Category: Solubilizers, Surfactant & Foaming Agents
Technical Specifications: Not Available
Applications:
Ingredient(s): Lactose Monohydrate
Category: Fillers, Diluents & Binders, Granulation
Technical Specifications: Density- Tapped density- 857 g/l, Bulk density- 589 g/l; Particle size- D10- 5 ?m, D50- 40 ?m, D90- 120 ?m; Hausner ratio- 1,46
Applications:
Ingredient(s): Magnesium Stearate
Category: Fillers, Diluents & Binders, Lubricants & Glidants
Technical Specifications: Specific Surface Area-6-8 m2/g; Particle Size-7-11 µm
Applications:
Ingredient(s): Carboxymethyl cellulose excipient
Category: Disintegrants & Superdisintegrants, Fillers, Diluents & Binders, Film Formers & Plasticizers, Rheology Modifiers
Technical Specifications: NA
Applications:
Tablet Coating, Rheology Modifier
Ingredient(s): Carboxymethyl cellulose sodium
Dosage Form: Tablet
Category: Coating Systems & Additives, Rheology Modifiers
Technical Specifications: Not Available
Applications:
Ingredient(s): Sorbitol
Dosage Form: Cream / Lotion / Ointment, Softgels, Syrup, Tablet
Category: Chewable & Orodispersible Aids, Film Formers & Plasticizers, Taste Masking
Technical Specifications: Not Available
Applications:
Ingredient(s): Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose, Starch
Dosage Form: Tablet
Category: Coating Systems & Additives, Controlled & Modified Release
Technical Specifications: Not Available
Applications:
Nonionic solubilizer, emulsifier and co-emulsifier
Ingredient(s): Polysorbate 80
Dosage Form: Gel, Softgel Capsule, Solution, Suppository
Category: Solubilizers
Technical Specifications: Not Available
Applications:
Ingredient(s): Lactose Monohydrate
Dosage Form: Tablet
Category: Fillers, Diluents & Binders
Technical Specifications: Density- Tapped density- 716 g/l, Bulk density- 599 g/l; Particle size- D10-50 ?m, D50- 120 ?m, D90- 220 ?m; Hausner ratio-1,2
Applications:
Ingredient(s): Carboxymethyl cellulose sodium, Microcrystalline Cellulose
Dosage Form: Emulsion, Suspension, Tablet
Category: Fillers, Diluents & Binders, Rheology Modifiers, Thickeners and Stabilizers
Technical Specifications: Not Available
Applications:
Ingredient(s): Magnesium Stearate
Category: Fillers, Diluents & Binders, Lubricants & Glidants
Technical Specifications: Not Available
Applications:
Ingredient(s): Magnesium aluminium silicate Excipient
Dosage Form: Suspension, Tablet
Category: Lubricants & Glidants, Thickeners and Stabilizers
Technical Specifications: Not Available
Applications:
Ingredient(s): Hydroxypropyl Pea Starch, Sorbitol, Stearic Acid, Hydroxypropyl Pea Starch, Sorbitol, Stearic Acid, Hydroxypropyl Pea Starch, Sorbitol, Stearic Acid
Category: Coating Systems & Additives, Film Formers & Plasticizers
Technical Specifications: Not Available
Ingredient(s): Benzyl Alcohol
Dosage Form: Cream / Lotion / Ointment, Injectable / Parenteral
Category: Parenteral, Topical
Technical Specifications: Not Available
Applications:
Lubricants, Anti-adhesive, Glidant
Ingredient(s): Magnesium Stearate
Category: Lubricants & Glidants
Technical Specifications: Not Available
Applications:
Ingredient(s): Magnesium Stearate
Category: Lubricants & Glidants
Technical Specifications: Not Available
Applications:
Ingredient(s): Magnesium Stearate
Dosage Form: Cream / Lotion / Ointment, Tablet
Category: Emulsifying Agents, Lubricants & Glidants, Thickeners and Stabilizers
Technical Specifications: NA
Applications:
Ingredient(s): Magnesium Stearate
Category: Fillers, Diluents & Binders, Lubricants & Glidants
Technical Specifications: Not Available
Applications:
Glidant; Emulsion Stabilizer; Anti-caking Agent.
Ingredient(s): Silicon Dioxide
Dosage Form: Tablet
Category: Emulsifying Agents, Lubricants & Glidants
Technical Specifications: Not Available
Applications:
It is used as a filler in formulation.
Ingredient(s): Corn Starch
Category: Fillers, Diluents & Binders
Technical Specifications: Not Available
Applications:
Ingredient(s): Hydroxypropyl Pea Starch, Sorbitol, Titanium Dioxide, Stearic Acid, Hydroxypropyl Pea Starch, Sorbitol, Titanium Dioxide, Stearic Acid, Hydroxypropyl Pea Starch, Sorbitol, Titanium Dioxide, Stearic Acid, Hydroxypropyl Pea Starch, Sorbitol, Titanium Dioxide, Stearic Acid
Category: Coating Systems & Additives, Film Formers & Plasticizers
Technical Specifications: Not Available
Applications:
Tablet and capsule diluent, tablet and capsule disintegrant and tablet binder.
Ingredient(s): Corn Starch
Category: Disintegrants & Superdisintegrants, Fillers, Diluents & Binders
Technical Specifications: Not Available
Applications:
Ingredient(s): Glyceryl Monostearate, Spray Dried Monohydrate Lactose
Dosage Form: Tablet
Category: Co-Processed Excipients
Technical Specifications: Not Available
Applications:
Ingredient(s): Lactose Monohydrate, Microcrystalline Cellulose
Dosage Form: Tablet
Category: Direct Compression, Granulation
Technical Specifications: Not Available
Applications:
It provides solubility and viscosity stability on medium viscosity.
Ingredient(s): Carboxymethyl cellulose sodium
Dosage Form: Tablet
Category: Solubilizers, Thickeners and Stabilizers
Technical Specifications: Medium Viscosity
Applications:
Non-Ionic Hydrophilic Surfactant, Emulsifier, Solubilizer
Ingredient(s): Polysorbate 80
Dosage Form: Capsule, Cream / Lotion / Ointment, Emulsion, Gel, Paste, Shampoo, Solution, Syrup, Tablet
Category: Film Formers & Plasticizers, Solubilizers, Surfactant & Foaming Agents, Topical
Technical Specifications: HLB: 15, EO: 20; EXCiPACT
Applications:
It provides smooth solutions, based on uniform substitution with low viscosity.
Ingredient(s): Carboxymethyl cellulose sodium
Dosage Form: Tablet
Category: Solubilizers, Thickeners and Stabilizers
Technical Specifications: Low Viscosity
Applications:
HiCel SMCC has unique combination which result in optimum compaction & superior flow properties.
Ingredient(s): Microcrystalline Cellulose, Silicon Dioxide
Dosage Form: Tablet
Category: Direct Compression, Fillers, Diluents & Binders, Lubricants & Glidants
Technical Specifications: Not Available
Applications:
It provides solubility and viscosity stability on strong high viscosity.
Ingredient(s): Carboxymethyl cellulose sodium
Dosage Form: Tablet
Category: Solubilizers, Thickeners and Stabilizers
Technical Specifications: Strong High Viscosity
Applications:
Ingredient(s): Lactose Monohydrate
Dosage Form: Tablet
Category: Direct Compression, Granulation
Technical Specifications: Milled; Also Available as Microlex® LCM 180.m, Microlex® LCM 200.m
Applications:
Ingredient(s): Lactose Monohydrate
Dosage Form: Tablet
Category: Direct Compression, Granulation
Technical Specifications: Sieved; Also Available as Microlex® LCM 180.s, Microlex® LCM 220.s
Applications:
Ingredient(s): Mannitol, Starch, Mannitol, Starch
Dosage Form: Capsule, Granule / Pellet, Softgel Capsule, Tablet
Category: Fillers, Diluents & Binders
Technical Specifications: Not Available
Applications:
Ingredient(s): Lactose Monohydrate
Dosage Form: Tablet
Category: Direct Compression, Fillers, Diluents & Binders
Technical Specifications: Not Available
Applications:
Ingredient(s): Polysorbate 80
Dosage Form: Capsule, Suspension, Tablet
Category: Solubilizers
Technical Specifications: Not Available
Applications:
A & C's Polysorbate 80 is an excipient which meets the NF monograph.
Ingredient(s): Polysorbate 80
Dosage Form: Capsule, Suspension, Tablet
Category: Solubilizers
Technical Specifications: Not Available
Applications:
Ingredient(s): Polysorbate 80
Dosage Form: Capsule, Cream / Lotion / Ointment, Tablet
Category: Emulsifying Agents, Solubilizers, Surfactant & Foaming Agents, Topical
Technical Specifications: Non-Ionic Hydrophilic surfactant, Emulsifier (o/w emulsion), Solubilizer
Applications:
Act as a bulk sweetener and vehicle in liquid dosage forms and as a humectant in semi solids.
Ingredient(s): Sorbitol liquid crystallizing
Dosage Form: Capsule, Suspension, Syrup, Tablet
Category: Fillers, Diluents & Binders, Taste Masking
Technical Specifications: Not Available
Applications:
Suitable for use in biopharmaceutical manufacturing and as an excipient for injectable dosage forms
Ingredient(s): Sorbitol, low endotoxin
Dosage Form: Injectable / Parenteral
Category: Parenteral
Technical Specifications: Not Available
Applications:
Non-Ionic Hydrophilic Surfactant, Emulsifier, Solubilizer
Ingredient(s): Polysorbate 80
Dosage Form: Injectable / Parenteral, Nasal Solution, Ophthalmic Solution
Category: Parenteral, Solubilizers
Technical Specifications: EXCiPACT
Applications:
Ingredient(s): Lactose Monohydrate
Dosage Form: Inhaler
Category: Fillers, Diluents & Binders
Technical Specifications: Not Available
Applications:
Ingredient(s): Lactose Monohydrate
Dosage Form: Inhaler
Category: Fillers, Diluents & Binders
Technical Specifications: Not Available
Applications:
Ingredient(s): Lactose Monohydrate
Dosage Form: Inhaler
Category: Fillers, Diluents & Binders
Technical Specifications: Not Available
Applications:
Ingredient(s): Lactose Monohydrate
Dosage Form: Inhaler
Category: Fillers, Diluents & Binders
Technical Specifications: Not Available
Applications:
Non-Ionic Hydrophilic Surfactant, Emulsifier, Solubilizer
Ingredient(s): Polysorbate 80
Dosage Form: Injectable / Parenteral, Nasal Solution, Ophthalmic Solution
Category: Parenteral, Solubilizers
Technical Specifications: EXCiPACT
Applications:
Wet Granulation & Capsule Filling
Ingredient(s): Lactose Monohydrate
Category: Fillers, Diluents & Binders
Technical Specifications: Not Available
Applications:
Wet Granulation & Capsule Filling
Ingredient(s): Lactose Monohydrate
Category: Fillers, Diluents & Binders
Technical Specifications: Not Available
Applications:
Wet Granulation & Capsule Filling
Ingredient(s): Lactose Monohydrate
Category: Fillers, Diluents & Binders
Technical Specifications: Not Available
Applications:
Non-Ionic Hydrophilic Surfactant, Emulsifier, Solubilizer
Ingredient(s): Polysorbate 80
Dosage Form: Injectable / Parenteral, Nasal Solution, Ophthalmic Solution
Category: Parenteral, Solubilizers
Technical Specifications: EXCiPACT
Applications:
Ingredient(s): Lactose Monohydrate
Category: Fillers, Diluents & Binders
Technical Specifications: Not Available
Applications:
Ingredient(s): Lactose Monohydrate
Category: Fillers, Diluents & Binders
Technical Specifications: Not Available
Applications:
Ingredient(s): Lactose Monohydrate
Category: Fillers, Diluents & Binders
Technical Specifications: Not Available
Applications:
Non-Ionic Hydrophilic Surfactant, Emulsifier, Solubilizer
Ingredient(s): Polysorbate 80
Dosage Form: Injectable / Parenteral, Nasal Solution, Ophthalmic Solution
Category: Parenteral, Solubilizers
Technical Specifications: EXCiPACT
Applications:
Ingredient(s): Lactose Monohydrate
Category: Fillers, Diluents & Binders
Technical Specifications: Not Available
Applications:
Foremost™ Lactose 315 is a pharmaceutical excipient used in direct compression.
Ingredient(s): Lactose Monohydrate
Category: Fillers, Diluents & Binders
Technical Specifications: Not Available
Applications:
Foremost Fast Flo® 316 is a pharmaceutical excipient used in direct compression.
Ingredient(s): Lactose Monohydrate
Dosage Form: Tablet
Category: Fillers, Diluents & Binders
Technical Specifications: Not Available
Applications:
Thickener, Stabilizer / Emulsifier, Texturizing Agent
Ingredient(s): Acrylamide / Sodium Acryloyldimethyl Taurate Copolymer Isohexadecane and Polysorbate 80
Dosage Form: Cream / Lotion / Ointment, Emulsion, Gel
Category: Rheology Modifiers, Thickeners and Stabilizers, Topical
Technical Specifications: EXCiPACT
Applications:
Ingredient(s): Hydroxyethyl Acrylate, Polysorbate 80
Dosage Form: Cream / Lotion / Ointment, Emulsion
Category: Emulsifying Agents, Rheology Modifiers, Thickeners and Stabilizers, Topical
Technical Specifications: Ready to use liquid polymer for topical applications (Gel / Cream / Lotion/ Foam based formulation, etc); It thickens over a wide range of pH 3-12; No HLB Calculation; No Neutralization
Applications:
Act as a bulk sweetener and vehicle in liquid dosage forms and as a humectant in semi solids.
Ingredient(s): Sorbitol liquid crystallizing
Dosage Form: Capsule, Suspension, Syrup, Tablet
Category: Fillers, Diluents & Binders, Taste Masking
Technical Specifications: Not Available
Applications:
Capsule Filling, Direct Compression, Binding, Disintegration
Ingredient(s): Native & Pregelatinized Corn Starch
Dosage Form: Granule / Pellet, Tablet
Category: Direct Compression
Technical Specifications: EXCiPACT
Applications:
Ingredient(s): Sorbitol liquid, partially dehydrated
Category: Film Formers & Plasticizers
Technical Specifications: Not Available
Applications:
Ingredient(s): Polysorbate 80, Polysorbate 80
Dosage Form: Capsule, Tablet, Dry Syrup
Category: Co-Processed Excipients, Direct Compression, Solubilizers
Technical Specifications: Solubilizer in powder form; EXCiPACT
Applications:
Ingredient(s): Magnesium aluminium silicate Excipient, Polysorbate 80
Category: API Stability Enhancers, Direct Compression, Solubilizers
Technical Specifications: Solubilizer in powder form, used in directly compressible dosage forms, Wet granulation, added during lubrication stage
Applications:
Ingredient(s): Sorbitol
Dosage Form: Capsule, Granule / Pellet, Softgel Capsule, Tablet
Category: Fillers, Diluents & Binders
Technical Specifications: Not Available
Applications:
Ingredient(s): Sorbitol
Dosage Form: Injectable / Parenteral
Category: Parenteral
Technical Specifications: Not Available
Applications:
Ingredient(s): Hydroxypropyl Pea Starch, Sorbitol, Titanium Dioxide, Stearic Acid, Hydroxypropyl Pea Starch, Sorbitol, Titanium Dioxide, Stearic Acid, Hydroxypropyl Pea Starch, Sorbitol, Titanium Dioxide, Stearic Acid
Category: Coating Systems & Additives, Film Formers & Plasticizers
Technical Specifications: Not Available
Applications:
Ingredient(s): Starch Pregelatinized
Dosage Form: Capsule, Granule / Pellet, Softgel Capsule, Tablet
Category: Fillers, Diluents & Binders
Technical Specifications: Not Available
Applications:
Ingredient(s): Corn Starch
Dosage Form: Capsule, Granule / Pellet, Orodispersible Tablet, Softgel Capsule, Tablet
Category: Disintegrants & Superdisintegrants, Fillers, Diluents & Binders
Technical Specifications: Not Available
Applications:
Ingredient(s): Corn Starch
Dosage Form: Capsule, Granule / Pellet, Orodispersible Tablet, Softgel Capsule, Tablet
Category: Disintegrants & Superdisintegrants, Fillers, Diluents & Binders
Technical Specifications: Not Available
Applications:
Ingredient(s): Corn Starch, Colloidal Silica
Dosage Form: Capsule, Granule / Pellet, Softgel Capsule, Tablet
Category: Fillers, Diluents & Binders
Technical Specifications: Not Available
Applications:
Ingredient(s): Carrageenan, Pea Starch, Sorbitol
Dosage Form: Softgel Capsule
Category: Soft Gelatin
Technical Specifications: Not Available
Applications:
It is a Co-Processed Lactose starch for filler/binder having strong disintegrant properties.
Ingredient(s): Corn Starch, Lactose
Category: Co-Processed Excipients, Fillers, Diluents & Binders
Technical Specifications: Not Available