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Chromium

Synopsis, Chemistry

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Also known as: 7440-47-3, Cr, Chromium metal, Chrom, Chrome, Chromium, elemental

Molecular Formula

Molecular Weight

51.996 g/mol

InChI Key

VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N

FDA UNII

0R0008Q3JB

A trace element that plays a role in glucose metabolism. It has the atomic symbol Cr, atomic number 24, and atomic weight 52. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP85-002,1985), chromium and some of its compounds have been listed as known carcinogens.

Chromium is a Standardized Chemical Allergen. The physiologic effect of chromium is by means of Increased Histamine Release, and Cell-mediated Immunity.

1 2D Structure

Chromium

2 Identification

2.1 Computed Descriptors

2.1.1 IUPAC Name

chromium

2.1.2 InChI

InChI=1S/Cr

2.1.3 InChI Key

VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N

2.1.4 Canonical SMILES

[Cr]

2.2 Other Identifiers

2.2.1 UNII

0R0008Q3JB

2.3 Synonyms

2.3.1 Depositor-Supplied Synonyms

1. 7440-47-3

2. Cr

3. Chromium Metal

4. Chrom

5. Chrome

6. Chromium, Elemental

7. Cromo

8. Chromium Atom

9. Dinakrome

10. Biochrome

11. Chromium Chips

12. Chromium Powder

13. Chromide(1-)

14. Chromium Ion

15. Chromium(iii) Compounds

16. 24cr

17. Chebi:28073

18. 0r0008q3jb

19. Chrome [french]

20. Chromium Compounds

21. Chrom [german]

22. Chromium, Metal

23. Mfcd00010944

24. 19498-56-7

25. Ccris 159

26. Hsdb 910

27. Einecs 231-157-5

28. Chromium Anion

29. Chromium Flakes

30. Unii-0r0008q3jb

31. Chromium Pellets

32. Chromium Mof

33. Chromium Nanorods

34. Chromium, Metal And Insol. Salts

35. Chromide(-i)

36. Chromium(3+)ion

37. Chromium Nanopowder

38. Chromium Nanoprisms

39. Chromium Trituration

40. Chromium Yeast Dark

41. Chromium Crystallites

42. Chromium Metal Chips

43. Chromium Yeast Light

44. Chromium(3+) Ions

45. Chromium Citrate Trit

46. Chromium Micro Powder

47. Chromium Nanoparticles

48. Chromium Ion(cr3+)

49. Chromium, Ion(cr3+)

50. Chromium [hsdb]

51. Chromium [inci]

52. Chromium [mi]

53. Chromium [vandf]

54. Chromium, Metal And Chromium(iii) Compounds

55. Chromium, Ion (cr1-)

56. Chromium, Ion (cr3 )

57. Chromium Pieces, Irregular

58. Chromium [who-dd]

59. Epitope Id:114071

60. Chromium, Ion (cr 3+)

61. Ec 231-157-5

62. Chromium Metal [chromium And Chromium Compounds]

63. Chromium Arginate 7% 40m

64. Chromium Powder, -60 Mesh

65. Ultra Thin Chromium Nanofoil

66. Chromium Powder, -100 Mesh

67. Chromium Powder, -200 Mesh

68. Chromium Powder, -325 Mesh

69. Cr(-)

70. Unii-x1n4508kf1

71. Chromium Histidinate 8% 40m

72. Chromium, Puriss., 98.0%

73. Chromium Granules, -4+7 Mesh

74. Chromium Metal Organic Framework

75. Chromium Metal-organic Framework

76. Chromium Powder, 99.5% Nano

77. Dtxsid3031022

78. Titanium Metal Organic Framework

79. Chebi:33010

80. Chromium Powder, -10+20 Mesh

81. Chromium Lysinate 0.28% 40m

82. Chromium, 99.5% Lump

83. Chromium Yeast 0.2% Blend Only

84. Chromium, Metallic [iarc]

85. Chromium Powder, Aps <10 Micron

86. Chromium(iii) Compounds, N.o.s.

87. Dtxsid401315238

88. Chromium Powder, -100+325 Mesh

89. Silica (sio2) Photoelectric Crystal

90. Akos015833211

91. Db11136

92. Chromium Pieces, 1-25mm (0.04-1in)

93. Chromium, Powder, 99.5%, -100 Mesh

94. Q725

95. Chromium Pieces, 3-8mm (0.1-0.31in)

96. Chromium, Coating Quality, 99.95%, Grit

97. Chromium Cubes, 12.5mm (0.492in) Square

98. Chromium, Chips, Thickness ~2 Mm, 99.5%

99. Chromium Chunks, 2-15mm (0.08-0.59in)

100. Chromium Flakes, 2-12mm (0.08-0.47in)

101. Chromium Molybdenum Trituration 1% 60 Mesh

102. Chromium Pieces, 3-12mm (0.12-0.47in)

103. Chromium Polynicotinate/nicotinate 0.2% 40m

104. Chromium Rice Chelate 1% 40m W/cr Arginate

105. C06268

106. Chromium, Chips, 99.995% Trace Metals Basis

107. Chromium Pieces, 2-3mm (0.08-0.12in) Thick

108. Chromium, Chunks, >=99.99% Trace Metals Basis

109. Chromium, Bar, 100mm X 2mm X 2mm, 99.7+%

110. Chromium, Rod, 10mm, Diameter 2.0mm, 99.7+%

111. Chromium, Rod, 10mm, Diameter 5.0mm, 99.7+%

112. Chromium, Rod, 25mm, Diameter 2.0mm, 99.7+%

113. Chromium, Rod, 25mm, Diameter 5.0mm, 99.7+%

114. Chromium, Rod, 50mm, Diameter 2.0mm, 99.7+%

115. Chromium, Rod, 50mm, Diameter 5.0mm, 99.7+%

116. Chromium Cubes, Typically 6.35mm (0.25in) Square

117. Chromium, Rod, 100mm, Diameter 2.0mm, 99.7+%

118. Chromium, Rod, 100mm, Diameter 5.0mm, 99.7+%

119. Chromium Crystallite Pieces, 2-15mm (0.08-0.59in)

120. Q27115184

121. Chromium, Plasma Standard Solution, Specpure, Cr 10g/ml

122. Chromium, Aas Standard Solution, Specpure?, Cr 1000?g/ml

123. Chromium, Powder, >=99% Trace Metals Basis, -325 Mesh

124. Chromium, Foil, 100x100mm, Thickness 3.0mm, Hard, 99.95%

125. Chromium, Foil, 25x25mm, Thickness 2.0mm, Hard, 99.7+%

126. Chromium, Foil, 50x50mm, Thickness 2.0mm, Hard, 99.7+%

127. Chromium, Foil, 50x50mm, Thickness 3.0mm, Hard, 99.95%

128. Chromium, Oil Based Standard Solution, Specpure, Cr 5000g/g

129. Chromium Pieces, Electrolytic, 6mm & Down, 99.997% (metals Basis)

130. Chromium, Oil Based Standard Solution, Specpure?, Cr 1000?g/g

131. Chromium, Plasma Standard Solution, Specpure(r), Cr 10,000 ?g/ml

132. Chromium, Plasma Standard Solution, Specpure?, Cr 10,000?g/ml

133. Chromium, Rod, 0.5 Mm Diameter, Length 50 Mm, Purity 99.7+%

134. Chromium, Rod, 1.0 Mm Diameter, Length 50 Mm, Purity 99.7+%

135. Chromium, Rod, 8.0 Mm Diameter, Length 100 Mm, Purity 99.7+%

136. Chromium, Rod, 8.0 Mm Diameter, Length 50 Mm, Purity 99.7+%

137. Chromium, Rod, Length 25 Mm, 0.5 Mm Diameter, Purity 99.7+%

138. Chromium Single Crystal, 8-10mm (0.3-0.4in) Dia, Random Orientation

139. Chromium, Foil, Thickness 0.5 Mm, Size 10 X 10 Mm, Purity 99.7+%

140. Chromium, Foil, Thickness 0.5 Mm, Size 100 X 100 Mm, Purity 99.99%

141. Chromium, Foil, Thickness 0.5 Mm, Size 12.5 X 12.5 Mm, Purity 99.99%

142. Chromium, Foil, Thickness 0.5 Mm, Size 25 X 25 Mm, Purity 99.99%

143. Chromium, Foil, Thickness 0.5 Mm, Size 50 X 50 Mm, Purity 99.99%

144. Chromium, Foil, Thickness 0.75 Mm, Size 25 X 25 Mm, Tolerance 0.2

145. Chromium, Foil, Thickness 1.0 Mm, Size 100 X 100 Mm, Purity 99.99%

146. Chromium, Foil, Thickness 1.0 Mm, Size 12.5 X 12.5 Mm, Purity 99.99%

147. Chromium, Foil, Thickness 1.0 Mm, Size 25 X 25 Mm, Purity 99.99%

148. Chromium, Foil, Thickness 1.0 Mm, Size 50 X 50 Mm, Purity 99.99%

149. Chromium, Foil, Thickness 1.0 Mm, Size 75 X 75 Mm, Purity 99.99%

150. Chromium, Foil, Thickness 1.5 Mm, Size 100 X 100 Mm, Purity 99.99%

151. Chromium, Foil, Thickness 1.5 Mm, Size 25 X 25 Mm, Purity 99.99%

152. Chromium, Foil, Thickness 1.5 Mm, Size 50 X 50 Mm, Purity 99.99%

153. Chromium, Foil, Thickness 2.0 Mm, Size 100 X 100 Mm, Purity 99.99%

154. Chromium, Foil, Thickness 2.0 Mm, Size 25 X 25 Mm, Purity 99.99%

155. Chromium, Foil, Thickness 2.0 Mm, Size 50 X 50 Mm, Purity 99.99%

156. Chromium, Lump, 10 Mm Max. Lump Size, Weight 10 G, Purity 99.99%

157. Chromium, Lump, 10 Mm Max. Lump Size, Weight 100 G, Purity 99.95%

158. Chromium, Lump, 10 Mm Max. Lump Size, Weight 100 G, Purity 99.99%

159. Chromium, Lump, 10 Mm Max. Lump Size, Weight 20 G, Purity 99.95%

160. Chromium, Lump, 10 Mm Max. Lump Size, Weight 20 G, Purity 99.99%

161. Chromium, Lump, 10 Mm Max. Lump Size, Weight 200 G, Purity 99.95%

162. Chromium, Lump, 10 Mm Max. Lump Size, Weight 200 G, Purity 99.99%

163. Chromium, Lump, 10 Mm Max. Lump Size, Weight 50 G, Purity 99.95%

164. Chromium, Lump, 10 Mm Max. Lump Size, Weight 50 G, Purity 99.99%

165. Chromium, Lump, 25 Mm Max. Lump Size, Weight 100 G, Purity 99.95%

166. Chromium, Lump, 25 Mm Max. Lump Size, Weight 1000 G, Purity 99.95%

167. Chromium, Lump, 25 Mm Max. Lump Size, Weight 200 G, Purity 99.95%

168. Chromium, Lump, 25 Mm Max. Lump Size, Weight 50 G, Purity 99.95%

169. Chromium, Lump, 25 Mm Max. Lump Size, Weight 500 G, Purity 99.95%

170. Chromium, Powder, Mean Particle Size <10 Micron, Weight 20 G, Purity 99%

171. Chromium, Powder, Mean Particle Size <10 Micron, Weight 50 G, Purity 99%

172. Chromium Single Crystal, 8-10mm (0.3-0.4in) Dia, (100) Orientation, +/-2 Degrees

173. Chromium Single Crystal, 8-10mm (0.3-0.4in) Dia, (110) Orientation, +/-2 Degrees

174. Chromium Single Crystal, 8-10mm (0.3-0.4in) Dia, (111) Orientation, +/-2 Degrees

175. Chromium Sputtering Target, 50.8mm (2.0in) Dia X 3.18mm (0.125in) Thick

176. Chromium Sputtering Target, 50.8mm (2.0in) Dia X 6.35mm (0.250in) Thick

177. Chromium Sputtering Target, 76.2mm (3.0in) Dia X 6.35mm (0.250in) Thick

178. Chromium, Plasma Standard Solution, Specpure?, Cr 1000?g/ml, Cr In 5% Hcl

179. Chromium, Plasma Standard Solution, Specpure?, Cr 1000?g/ml, Cr(no3)3 In 5% Hno3

180. Chromium, Powder, <10 Mean Particle Size (micron), Weight 100 G, Purity 99%

181. Chromium, Powder, <10 Mean Particle Size (micron), Weight 200 G, Purity 99%

182. Chromium, Powder, 200 Max. Part. Size (micron), Weight 200 G, Purity 99.0+%

183. Chromium, Powder, 200 Max. Part. Size (micron), Weight 2000 G, Purity 99.0+%

184. Chromium, Powder, 200 Max. Part. Size (micron), Weight 50 G, Purity 99.0+%

185. Chromium, Powder, 38 Max. Part. Size (micron), Weight 100 G, Purity 99.0+%

186. Chromium, Powder, Max. Particle Size 200 Micron, Weight 100 G, Purity 99.+%

187. Chromium, Powder, Max. Particle Size 200 Micron, Weight 1000 G, Purity 99.+%

188. Chromium, Powder, Max. Particle Size 200 Micron, Weight 500 G, Purity 99.+%

189. Chromium, Powder, Max. Particle Size 38 Micron, Weight 1000 G, Purity 99.+%

190. Chromium, Powder, Max. Particle Size 38 Micron, Weight 200 G, Purity 99.+%

191. Chromium, Powder, Max. Particle Size 38 Micron, Weight 50 G, Purity 99.+%

192. Chromium, Powder, Max. Particle Size 38 Micron, Weight 500 G, Purity 99.+%

193. Chromium, Powder, Max. Particle Size 45 Micron, Weight 100 G, Min. Particle Size 38 Micron

194. Chromium, Powder, Max. Particle Size 45 Micron, Weight 200 G, Min. Particle Size 38 Micron

195. Chromium, Powder, Max. Particle Size 45 Micron, Weight 50 G, Min. Particle Size 38 Micron

196. Chromium, Powder, Max. Particle Size 45 Micron, Weight 500 G, Min. Particle Size 38 Micron

197. Chromium Single Crystal Disc, 10mm (0.39in) Dia, 1-3mm (0.04-0.1in) Thick, (100) Orientation, +/-0.5 Degrees

198. Chromium Single Crystal Disc, 10mm (0.39in) Dia, 1-3mm (0.04-0.1in) Thick, (110) Orientation, +/-0.5 Degrees

199. Chromium Single Crystal Disc, 10mm (0.39in) Dia, 1-3mm (0.04-0.1in) Thick, (111) Orientation, +/-0.5 Degrees

200. Chromium, Foil, Light Tested, 25x25mm, Thickness 0.005mm, Permanent Polyester Support, 99.99+%

201. Chromium, Foil, Light Tested, 25x25mm, Thickness 0.006mm, Permanent Polyester Support, 99.99+%

202. Chromium, Foil, Light Tested, 25x25mm, Thickness 0.007mm, Permanent Polyester Support, 99.99+%

203. Chromium, Foil, Light Tested, 25x25mm, Thickness 0.008mm, Permanent Polyester Support, 99.99+%

204. Chromium, Foil, Light Tested, 25x25mm, Thickness 0.009mm, Permanent Polyester Support, 99.99+%

205. Chromium, Foil, Light Tested, 25x25mm, Thickness 0.0125mm, Permanent Polyester Support, 99.99+%

206. Chromium, Foil, Light Tested, 25x25mm, Thickness 0.015mm, Permanent Polyester Support, 99.99+%

207. Chromium, Foil, Light Tested, 25x25mm, Thickness 0.01mm, Permanent Polyester Support, 99.99+%

208. Chromium, Foil, Light Tested, 25x25mm, Thickness 0.025mm, Permanent Polyester Support, 99.99+%

209. Chromium, Foil, Light Tested, 25x25mm, Thickness 0.02mm, Permanent Polyester Support, 99.99+%

210. Chromium, Foil, Light Tested, 25x25mm, Thickness 0.03mm, Permanent Polyester Support, 99.99+%

211. Chromium, Foil, Light Tested, 25x25mm, Thickness 0.04mm, Permanent Polyester Support, 99.99+%

212. Chromium, Foil, Light Tested, 25x25mm, Thickness 0.05mm, Permanent Polyester Support, 99.99+%

213. Chromium, Foil, Light Tested, 25x25mm, Thickness 0.075mm, Permanent Polyester Support, 99.99+%

214. Chromium, Foil, Not Light Tested, 100x100mm, Thickness 0.0125mm, Permanent Polyester Support, 99.99+%

215. Chromium, Foil, Not Light Tested, 100x100mm, Thickness 0.015mm, Permanent Polyester Support, 99.99+%

216. Chromium, Foil, Not Light Tested, 100x100mm, Thickness 0.01mm, Permanent Polyester Support, 99.99+%

217. Chromium, Foil, Not Light Tested, 100x100mm, Thickness 0.025mm, Permanent Polyester Support, 99.99+%

218. Chromium, Foil, Not Light Tested, 100x100mm, Thickness 0.02mm, Permanent Polyester Support, 99.99+%

219. Chromium, Foil, Not Light Tested, 100x100mm, Thickness 0.03mm, Permanent Polyester Support, 99.99+%

220. Chromium, Foil, Not Light Tested, 100x100mm, Thickness 0.04mm, Permanent Polyester Support, 99.99+%

221. Chromium, Foil, Not Light Tested, 100x100mm, Thickness 0.05mm, Permanent Polyester Support, 99.99+%

222. Chromium, Foil, Not Light Tested, 25x25mm, Thickness 0.0015mm, Permanent Polyester Support, 99.99+%

223. Chromium, Foil, Not Light Tested, 25x25mm, Thickness 0.001mm, Permanent Polyester Support, 99.99+%

224. Chromium, Foil, Not Light Tested, 25x25mm, Thickness 0.0025mm, Permanent Polyester Support, 99.99+%

225. Chromium, Foil, Not Light Tested, 25x25mm, Thickness 0.002mm, Permanent Polyester Support, 99.99+%

226. Chromium, Foil, Not Light Tested, 25x25mm, Thickness 0.003mm, Permanent Polyester Support, 99.99+%

227. Chromium, Foil, Not Light Tested, 25x25mm, Thickness 0.004mm, Permanent Polyester Support, 99.99+%

228. Chromium, Foil, Not Light Tested, 25x25mm, Thickness 0.005mm, Permanent Polyester Support, 99.99+%

229. Chromium, Foil, Not Light Tested, 25x25mm, Thickness 0.006mm, Permanent Polyester Support, 99.99+%

230. Chromium, Foil, Not Light Tested, 25x25mm, Thickness 0.007mm, Permanent Polyester Support, 99.99+%

231. Chromium, Foil, Not Light Tested, 25x25mm, Thickness 0.009mm, Permanent Polyester Support, 99.99+%

232. Chromium, Foil, Not Light Tested, 25x25mm, Thickness 0.0125mm, Permanent Polyester Support, 99.99+%

233. Chromium, Foil, Not Light Tested, 25x25mm, Thickness 0.015mm, Permanent Polyester Support, 99.99+%

234. Chromium, Foil, Not Light Tested, 25x25mm, Thickness 0.01mm, Permanent Polyester Support, 99.99+%

235. Chromium, Foil, Not Light Tested, 25x25mm, Thickness 0.025mm, Permanent Polyester Support, 99.99+%

236. Chromium, Foil, Not Light Tested, 25x25mm, Thickness 0.02mm, Permanent Polyester Support, 99.99+%

237. Chromium, Foil, Not Light Tested, 25x25mm, Thickness 0.03mm, Permanent Polyester Support, 99.99+%

238. Chromium, Foil, Not Light Tested, 25x25mm, Thickness 0.04mm, Permanent Polyester Support, 99.99+%

239. Chromium, Foil, Not Light Tested, 25x25mm, Thickness 0.05mm, Permanent Polyester Support, 99.99+%

240. Chromium, Foil, Not Light Tested, 25x25mm, Thickness 0.075mm, Permanent Polyester Support, 99.99+%

241. Chromium, Foil, Not Light Tested, 50x50mm, Thickness 0.001mm, Permanent Polyester Support, 99.99+%

242. Chromium, Foil, Not Light Tested, 50x50mm, Thickness 0.0025mm, Permanent Polyester Support, 99.99+%

243. Chromium, Foil, Not Light Tested, 50x50mm, Thickness 0.002mm, Permanent Polyester Support, 99.99+%

244. Chromium, Foil, Not Light Tested, 50x50mm, Thickness 0.003mm, Permanent Polyester Support, 99.99+%

245. Chromium, Foil, Not Light Tested, 50x50mm, Thickness 0.004mm, Permanent Polyester Support, 99.99+%

246. Chromium, Foil, Not Light Tested, 50x50mm, Thickness 0.005mm, Permanent Polyester Support, 99.99+%

247. Chromium, Foil, Not Light Tested, 50x50mm, Thickness 0.006mm, Permanent Polyester Support, 99.99+%

248. Chromium, Foil, Not Light Tested, 50x50mm, Thickness 0.007mm, Permanent Polyester Support, 99.99+%

249. Chromium, Foil, Not Light Tested, 50x50mm, Thickness 0.008mm, Permanent Polyester Support, 99.99+%

250. Chromium, Foil, Not Light Tested, 50x50mm, Thickness 0.009mm, Permanent Polyester Support, 99.99+%

251. Chromium, Foil, Not Light Tested, 50x50mm, Thickness 0.0125mm, Permanent Polyester Support, 99.99+%

252. Chromium, Foil, Not Light Tested, 50x50mm, Thickness 0.015mm, Permanent Polyester Support, 99.99+%

253. Chromium, Foil, Not Light Tested, 50x50mm, Thickness 0.01mm, Permanent Polyester Support, 99.99+%

254. Chromium, Foil, Not Light Tested, 50x50mm, Thickness 0.025mm, Permanent Polyester Support, 99.99+%

255. Chromium, Foil, Not Light Tested, 50x50mm, Thickness 0.02mm, Permanent Polyester Support, 99.99+%

256. Chromium, Foil, Not Light Tested, 50x50mm, Thickness 0.03mm, Permanent Polyester Support, 99.99+%

257. Chromium, Foil, Not Light Tested, 50x50mm, Thickness 0.04mm, Permanent Polyester Support, 99.99+%

258. Chromium, Foil, Not Light Tested, 50x50mm, Thickness 0.05mm, Permanent Polyester Support, 99.99+%

259. Chromium, Foil, Not Light Tested, 50x50mm, Thickness 0.075mm, Permanent Polyester Support, 99.99+%

260. Chromium, Microfoil, Disks, 10mm, Thinness 0.025mum, Specific Density 18.21mug/cm2, Permanent Mylar 3.5mum Support, 99.99+%

261. Chromium, Microfoil, Disks, 10mm, Thinness 0.05mum, Specific Density 37.27mug/cm2, Permanent Mylar 3.5mum Support, 99.99+%

262. Chromium, Microfoil, Disks, 10mm, Thinness 0.25mum, Specific Density 178.7mug/cm2, Permanent Mylar 3.5mum Support, 99.99+%

263. Chromium, Microfoil, Disks, 10mm, Thinness 0.5mum, Specific Density 355mug/cm2, Permanent Mylar 3.5mum Support, 99.99+%

264. Chromium, Microfoil, Disks, 10mm, Thinness 1.0mum, Specific Density 719mug/cm2, Permanent Mylar 3.5mum Support, 99.99+%

265. Chromium, Microfoil, Disks, 25mm, Thinness 0.05mum, Specific Density 37.27mug/cm2, Permanent Mylar 3.5mum Support, 99.99+%

266. Chromium, Microfoil, Disks, 25mm, Thinness 0.25mum, Specific Density 178.7mug/cm2, Permanent Mylar 3.5mum Support, 99.99+%

267. Chromium, Microfoil, Disks, 25mm, Thinness 0.5mum, Specific Density 355mug/cm2, Permanent Mylar 3.5mum Support, 99.99+%

268. Chromium, Microfoil, Disks, 25mm, Thinness 1.0mum, Specific Density 719mug/cm2, Permanent Mylar 3.5mum Support, 99.99+%

269. Chromium, Powder, Max. Particle Size 45 Micron, Weight 1000 G, Min. Particle Size 38 Micron

270. Chromium, Sputtering Target, Diam. X Thickness 3.00 In. X 0.125 In., 99.95% Trace Metals Basis

2.4 Create Date

2004-09-16

3 Chemical and Physical Properties

Molecular Formula	Cr
Molecular Weight	51.996 g/mol
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count	0
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count	0
Rotatable Bond Count	0
Exact Mass	51.940505 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass	51.940505 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area	0 Å²
Heavy Atom Count	1
Formal Charge	0
Complexity	0
Isotope Atom Count	0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count	0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count	0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count	0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count	0
Covalently Bonded Unit Count	1

4 Drug and Medication Information

4.1 Drug Indication

Indicated for use as a supplement to intravenous solutions given for total parenteral nutrition (TPN), to maintain chromium serum levels and to prevent depletion of endogenous stores and subsequent deficiency symptoms.

FDA Label

5 Pharmacology and Biochemistry

5.1 Pharmacology

Trivalent chromium is part of glucose tolerance factor, an essential activator of insulin-mediated reactions. Chromium helps to maintain normal glucose metabolism and peripheral nerve function. Chromium increases insulin binding to cells, increases insulin receptor density and activates insulin receptor kinase leading to enhanced insulin sensitivity. In chromium deficiency, intravenous administration of chromium resulted in normalization of the glucose tolerance curve from the diabetic-like curve typical of chromium deficiency.

5.2 MeSH Pharmacological Classification

Trace Elements

A group of chemical elements that are needed in minute quantities for the proper growth, development, and physiology of an organism. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed) (See all compounds classified as Trace Elements.)

5.3 FDA Pharmacological Classification

5.3.1 Active Moiety

CHROMIUM

5.3.2 FDA UNII

0R0008Q3JB

5.3.3 Pharmacological Classes

Chemical Structure [CS] - Allergens

5.4 Absorption, Distribution and Excretion

Absorption

Chromium compounds are both absorbed by the lung and the gastrointestinal tract. Oral absorption of chromium compounds in humans can range between 0.5% and 10%, with the hexavalent (VI) chromium more easily absorbed than the trivalent (III) form. Absorption of chromium from the intestinal tract is low, ranging from less than 0.4% to 2.5% of the amount consumed. Vitamin C and the vitamin B niacin is reported to enhance chromium absorption. Most hexavalent Cr (VI) undergoes partial intragastric reduction to Cr (III) upon absorption, which is an action mainly mediated by sulfhydryl groups of amino acids. Cr (VI) readily penetrates cell membranes and chromium can be found in both erythrocytes and plasma after gastrointestinal absorption of Cr (IV). In comparison, the presence of chromium is limited to the plasma as Cr (III) displays poor cell membrane penetration. Once transported through the cell membrane, Cr (VI) is rapidly reduced to Cr (III), which subsequently binds to macromolecules or conjugate with proteins. Cr (III) may be bound to transferrin or other plasma proteins, or as complexes, such as glucose tolerance factor (GTF).

Route of Elimination

Absorbed chromium is excreted mainly in the urine, accounting for 80% of total excretion of chromium; small amounts are lost in hair, perspiration and bile. Chromium is excreted primarily in the urine by glomerular filtration or bound to a low molecular-weight organic transporter.

Volume of Distribution

Absorbed chromium is distributed to all tissues of the body and its distribution in the body depends on the species, age, and chemical form. Circulating Cr (III) following oral or parenteral administration of different compounds can be taken up by tissues and accumulates in the liver, kidney, spleen, soft tissue, and bone.

Clearance

Excretion of chromium is via the kidneys ranges from 3 to 50 g/day. The 24-hour urinary excretion rates for normal human subjects are reported to be 0.22 g/day.

The objective of the Part II analysis was to evaluate animal and in vitro toxicology studies of CoCr particles with respect to their physicochemistry and dose relevance to metal-on-metal (MoM) implant patients as derived from Part I. In the various toxicology studies, physicochemical characteristics were infrequently considered and administered doses were orders of magnitude higher than what occurs in patients. Co was consistently shown to rapidly release from CoCr particles for distribution and elimination from the body. CoCr micron sized particles appear more biopersistent in vivo resulting in inflammatory responses that are not seen with similar mass concentrations of nanoparticles. We conclude, that in an attempt to obtain data for a complete risk assessment, future studies need to focus on physicochemical characteristics of nano and micron sized particles and on doses and dose metrics relevant to those generated in patients or in properly conducted hip simulator studies. /CoCr particles/

PMID:25735266 Madl AK et al; Nanomedicine.11 (5): 1285-98 (2015)

The kinetics of metal ions release from orthodontic appliances in in vitro, in in vivo on pigs, and in vivo trials on patients (where hair samples were taken) was discussed. We have evaluated (by means of ICP-OES and ISO 17025) and compared the mass of Cr and Ni ions released. Not all the metal ions released from the appliance were transferred to hair tissue. The transfer factor was expressed as coefficient omega and evaluated as: omegaCr(patients) 33.0%, omegaCr(pigs) 17.2%, omegaNi(patients) 49.8%, omegaNi(pigs) 0.553%. The kinetics was described by a power function. Coefficient omega was used to combine the models: the in vitro and in vivo on animals on the one hand and the in vitro and in vivo on human on the other, which enabled the extrapolation of in vitro and translation of the results into in vivo conditions. The dose of metal ions released during orthodontic treatment was estimated.

PMID:25461553 Chojnacka K, Mikulewicz M; Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. 38 (3): 932-7 (2014)

5.5 Metabolism/Metabolites

The metabolism of Cr (VI) involves reduction by small molecules and enzyme systems to generate Cr (III) and reactive intermediates. During this process, free radicals can be generated, which is thought to induce damage of cellular components and cause toxicity of chromium. The metabolites bind to cellular constituents.

5.6 Biological Half-Life

The elimination half-life of hexavalent chromium is 15 to 41 hours.

Blood: 24 days; body: initial elimination 1/2 life = 2-3 days; extended 1/2 life = 1 month; [TDR, p. 368] After chronic exposure, workers can have high levels of chromium in the urine for years. [ACGIH]

TDR - Ryan RP, Terry CE, Leffingwell SS (eds). Toxicology Desk Reference: The Toxic Exposure and Medical Monitoring Index, 5th Ed. Washington DC: Taylor & Francis, 1999., p. 368 ACGIH - Documentation of the TLVs and BEIs, 7th Ed. Cincinnati: ACGIH Worldwide, 2020.

5.7 Mechanism of Action

Chromium is an essential nutrient involved in the metabolism of glucose, insulin and blood lipids. Its role in potentiating insulin signalling cascades has been implicated in several studies. Chromium upregulates insulin-stimulated insulin signal transduction via affecting effector molecules downstream of the insulin receptor (IR). IR-mediated signalling pathway involves phoshorylation of multiple intracellular domains and protein kinases, and downstream effector molecules. Upon activation by ligands, intracellular -subunit of IR autophosphorylates and activates tyrosine kinase domain of the IR, followed by activation and phosphorylation of regulatory proteins and downstream signalling effectors including phosphatidylinositol 2-kinase (PI3K). PI3K activates further downstream reaction cascades to activate protein kinase B (Akt) to ultimately promote translocation of glucose transporter-4 (Glut4)-vesicles from the cytoplasm to the cell surface and regulate glucose uptake. Chromium enhances the kinase activity of insulin receptor and increases the activity of downstream effectors, pI3-kinase and Akt. Under insulin-resistant conditions, chromium also promotes GLUT-4 transporter translocation that is independent of activity of IR, IRS-1, PI3-kinase, or Akt; chromium mediates cholesterol efflux from the membranes via increasing fluidity of the membrane by decreasing the membrane cholesterol and upregulation of sterol regulatory element-binding protein. As a result, intracellular GLUT-4 transporters are stimulated to translocate from intracellular to the plasma membrane, leading to enhanced glucose uptake in muscle cells. Chromium attenuates the activity of PTP-1B _in vitro,_ which is a negative regulator of insulin signaling. It also alleviates ER stress that is observed to be elevated the suppression of insulin signaling. ER stress is thought to activate c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), which subsequently induces serine phosphorylation of IRS and aberration of insulin signalling. Transient upregulation of AMPK by chromium also leads to increased glucose uptake.

While the toxicity of metals and metalloids, like arsenic, cadmium, mercury, lead and chromium, is undisputed, the underlying molecular mechanisms are not entirely clear. General consensus holds that proteins are the prime targets; heavy metals interfere with the physiological activity of specific, particularly susceptible proteins, either by forming a complex with functional side chain groups or by displacing essential metal ions in metalloproteins. Recent studies have revealed an additional mode of metal action targeted at proteins in a non-native state; certain heavy metals and metalloids have been found to inhibit the in vitro refolding of chemically denatured proteins, to interfere with protein folding in vivo and to cause aggregation of nascent proteins in living cells. Apparently, unfolded proteins with motile backbone and side chains are considerably more prone to engage in stable, pluridentate metal complexes than native proteins with their well-defined 3D structure. By interfering with the folding process, heavy metal ions and metalloids profoundly affect protein homeostasis and cell viability. This review describes how heavy metals impede protein folding and promote protein aggregation, how cells regulate quality control systems to protect themselves from metal toxicity and how metals might contribute to protein misfolding disorders.

PMID:24970215 Full text: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4030994 Tamas MJ et al; Biomolecules. 4(1): 252-67 (2014)