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Chemistry

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Also known as: Linzess, 851199-59-2, Chebi:68551, Md-1100, Constella, Cys cys glu tyr cys cys asn pro ala cys thr gly cys tyr (disulfide bridge: 1-6; 2-10; 5-13)
Molecular Formula
C59H79N15O21S6
Molecular Weight
1526.8  g/mol
InChI Key
KXGCNMMJRFDFNR-WDRJZQOASA-N

Linaclotide
Linaclotide is a synthetic, fourteen amino acid peptide and agonist of intestinal guanylate cyclase type C (GC-C), which is structurally related to the guanylin peptide family, with secretagogue, analgesic and laxative activities. Upon oral administration, linaclotide binds to and activates GC-C receptors located on the luminal surface of the intestinal epithelium. This increases the concentration of intracellular cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), which is derived from guanosine triphosphate (GTP). cGMP activates the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) and stimulates the secretion of chloride and bicarbonate into the intestinal lumen. This promotes sodium excretion into the lumen and results in increased intestinal fluid secretion. This ultimately accelerates GI transit of intestinal contents, improves bowel movement and relieves constipation. Increased extracellular cGMP levels may also exert an antinociceptive effect, through an as of yet not fully elucidated mechanism, that may involve modulation of nociceptors found on colonic afferent pain fibers. Linaclotide is minimally absorbed from the GI tract.
1 2D Structure

Linaclotide

2 Identification
2.1 Computed Descriptors
2.1.1 IUPAC Name
(2S)-2-[[(1R,4S,7S,13S,16R,21R,24R,27S,30S,33R,38R,44S)-21-amino-13-(2-amino-2-oxoethyl)-27-(2-carboxyethyl)-44-[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-30-[(4-hydroxyphenyl)methyl]-4-methyl-3,6,12,15,22,25,28,31,40,43,46,51-dodecaoxo-18,19,35,36,48,49-hexathia-2,5,11,14,23,26,29,32,39,42,45,52-dodecazatetracyclo[22.22.4.216,33.07,11]dopentacontane-38-carbonyl]amino]-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid
2.1.2 InChI
InChI=1S/C59H79N15O21S6/c1-26-47(82)69-41-25-101-99-22-38-52(87)65-33(13-14-45(80)81)49(84)66-34(16-28-5-9-30(76)10-6-28)50(85)71-40(54(89)72-39(23-97-96-20-32(60)48(83)70-38)53(88)67-35(18-43(61)78)58(93)74-15-3-4-42(74)56(91)63-26)24-100-98-21-37(64-44(79)19-62-57(92)46(27(2)75)73-55(41)90)51(86)68-36(59(94)95)17-29-7-11-31(77)12-8-29/h5-12,26-27,32-42,46,75-77H,3-4,13-25,60H2,1-2H3,(H2,61,78)(H,62,92)(H,63,91)(H,64,79)(H,65,87)(H,66,84)(H,67,88)(H,68,86)(H,69,82)(H,70,83)(H,71,85)(H,72,89)(H,73,90)(H,80,81)(H,94,95)/t26-,27+,32-,33-,34-,35-,36-,37-,38-,39-,40-,41-,42-,46-/m0/s1
2.1.3 InChI Key
KXGCNMMJRFDFNR-WDRJZQOASA-N
2.1.4 Canonical SMILES
CC1C(=O)NC2CSSCC3C(=O)NC(C(=O)NC(C(=O)NC(CSSCC(NC(=O)CNC(=O)C(NC2=O)C(C)O)C(=O)NC(CC4=CC=C(C=C4)O)C(=O)O)C(=O)NC(CSSCC(C(=O)N3)N)C(=O)NC(C(=O)N5CCCC5C(=O)N1)CC(=O)N)CC6=CC=C(C=C6)O)CCC(=O)O
2.1.5 Isomeric SMILES
C[C@H]1C(=O)N[C@H]2CSSC[C@H]3C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@@H](CSSC[C@H](NC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@@H](NC2=O)[C@@H](C)O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC4=CC=C(C=C4)O)C(=O)O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CSSC[C@@H](C(=O)N3)N)C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N5CCC[C@H]5C(=O)N1)CC(=O)N)CC6=CC=C(C=C6)O)CCC(=O)O
2.2 Synonyms
2.2.1 MeSH Synonyms

1. Asp-0456

2. Asp0456

3. Linaclotide Acetate

4. Linzess

5. Md-1100

6. Md-1100 Acetate

2.2.2 Depositor-Supplied Synonyms

1. Linzess

2. 851199-59-2

3. Chebi:68551

4. Md-1100

5. Constella

6. Cys Cys Glu Tyr Cys Cys Asn Pro Ala Cys Thr Gly Cys Tyr (disulfide Bridge: 1-6; 2-10; 5-13)

7. Unii-n0txr0xr5x

8. Linaclotide [usan:inn]

9. Hsdb 8224

10. Asp0456

11. Constella (tn)

12. Asp 0456

13. Asp-0456

14. Linzess (tn)

15. Linzess Ammonium Salt

16. Linaclotide Ammonium Salt

17. Linaclotide (jan/usan)

18. N0txr0xr5x

19. Gtpl5017

20. Chembl3301675

21. Schembl13114620

22. Dtxsid90234256

23. Glxc-13151

24. Ex-a6257

25. Db08890

26. Ncgc00389841-01

27. L-tyrosine, L-cysteinyl-l-cysteinyl-l-alpha-glutamyl-l-tyrosyl-l-cysteinyl-l-cysteinyl-l-asparaginyl-l-prolyl-l-alanyl-l-cysteinyl-l-threonylglycyl-l-cysteinyl-, Cyclic (1->6),(2->10),(5->13)-tris(disulfide)

28. D09355

29. Q3832559

30. L-cysteinyl-l-cysteinyl-l-alpha-glutamyl-l-tyrosyl-l-cysteinyl-l-cysteinyl-l-asparaginyl-l-prolyl-l-alanyl-l-cysteinyl-l-threonylglycyl-l-cysteinyl-l-tyrosine Cyclic (1->6),(2->10),(5->13)-tris(disulfide)

2.3 Create Date
2007-07-04
3 Chemical and Physical Properties
Molecular Weight 1526.8 g/mol
Molecular Formula C59H79N15O21S6
XLogP3-6.8
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count19
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count28
Rotatable Bond Count13
Exact Mass1525.3899216 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass1525.3899216 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area726 Ų
Heavy Atom Count101
Formal Charge0
Complexity3030
Isotope Atom Count0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count14
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count0
Covalently Bonded Unit Count1
4 Drug and Medication Information
4.1 Drug Information
1 of 2  
Drug NameLinzess
PubMed HealthLinaclotide (By mouth)
Drug ClassesGastrointestinal Agent
Drug LabelLINZESS (linaclotide) is a guanylate cyclase-C agonist. Linaclotide is a 14-amino acid peptide with the following chemical name: L-cysteinyl-L-cysteinyl-L-glutamyl-L-tyrosyl-L-cysteinyl-L-cysteinyl-L-asparaginyl-L-prolyl-L-alanyl-L-cysteinyl-L-threon...
Active IngredientLinaclotide
Dosage FormCapsule
RouteOral
Strength290mcg; 145mcg
Market StatusPrescription
CompanyForest Labs

2 of 2  
Drug NameLinzess
PubMed HealthLinaclotide (By mouth)
Drug ClassesGastrointestinal Agent
Drug LabelLINZESS (linaclotide) is a guanylate cyclase-C agonist. Linaclotide is a 14-amino acid peptide with the following chemical name: L-cysteinyl-L-cysteinyl-L-glutamyl-L-tyrosyl-L-cysteinyl-L-cysteinyl-L-asparaginyl-L-prolyl-L-alanyl-L-cysteinyl-L-threon...
Active IngredientLinaclotide
Dosage FormCapsule
RouteOral
Strength290mcg; 145mcg
Market StatusPrescription
CompanyForest Labs

4.2 Therapeutic Uses

Linzess (linaclotide) is indicated in adults for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome with constipation (IBS-C). /Included in US product label/

NIH; DailyMed. Current Medication Information for Linzess (Linaclotide) Capsule, Gelatin Coated (Revised: July 2014). Available from, as of March 19, 2015: https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=09beda19-56d6-4a56-afdc-9a77b70b2ef3


Linzess is indicated in adults for the treatment of chronic idiopathic constipation (CIC). /Included in US product label/

NIH; DailyMed. Current Medication Information for Linzess (Linaclotide) Capsule, Gelatin Coated (Revised: July 2014). Available from, as of March 19, 2015: https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=09beda19-56d6-4a56-afdc-9a77b70b2ef3


4.3 Drug Warning

/BOXED WARNING/ WARNING: PEDIATRIC RISK. Linzess is contraindicated in pediatric patients up to 6 years of age; in nonclinical studies, administration of a single, clinically relevant adult oral dose of linaclotide caused deaths due to dehydration in young juvenile mice. Avoid use of Linzess in pediatric patients 6 through 17 years of age. The safety and efficacy of Linzess has not been established in pediatric patients under 18 years of age.

NIH; DailyMed. Current Medication Information for Linzess (Linaclotide) Capsule, Gelatin Coated (Revised: July 2014). Available from, as of March 19, 2015: https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=09beda19-56d6-4a56-afdc-9a77b70b2ef3


Linaclotide is contraindicated in infants and children younger than 6 years of age and should be avoided in children and adolescents 6-17 years of age. Safety and efficacy of linaclotide in pediatric patients have not been established, and the drug has caused deaths in toxicology studies in juvenile mice 1-3 weeks of age (approximately equivalent to infants younger than 2 years of age). The deaths in young juvenile mice occurred following 1 or 2 doses of linaclotide 10 ug/kg administered once daily beginning on postnatal day 7, single oral doses of 100 ug/kg on day 14, and single oral doses of 600 ug/kg on day 21. Although no deaths occurred in juvenile mice 6 weeks of age (approximately equivalent to adolescents 12-17 years of age) receiving linaclotide 20,000 ug/kg daily for 28 days, use of the drug in children and adolescents 6-17 years of age should be avoided because of the deaths reported in younger mice and the lack of safety and efficacy data in pediatric patients.1 No data are available for mice between 3 and 6 weeks of age.

American Society of Health-System Pharmacists 2015; Drug Information 2015. Bethesda, MD. 2015, p. 2988


Severe diarrhea was reported in clinical trials in 2% of patients receiving linaclotide for treatment of either irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) with constipation or chronic idiopathic constipation. If severe diarrhea occurs, treatment with the drug should be interrupted or discontinued.

American Society of Health-System Pharmacists 2015; Drug Information 2015. Bethesda, MD. 2015, p. 2988


It is not known whether linaclotide is distributed into human milk. Although plasma concentrations of linaclotide and its active metabolite are not measurable following oral administration at recommended dosages, caution is advised when linaclotide is administered to nursing women.

American Society of Health-System Pharmacists 2015; Drug Information 2015. Bethesda, MD. 2015, p. 2988


For more Drug Warnings (Complete) data for Linaclotide (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.


4.4 Drug Indication

Treatment of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) with constipation and chronic idiopathic constipation.


FDA Label


Constella is indicated for the symptomatic treatment of moderate to severe irritable-bowel syndrome with constipation (IBS-C) in adults.


5 Pharmacology and Biochemistry
5.1 Pharmacology

Changes in the appearance and consistency of stools as measured by the Bristol Stool Form Scale (BSFS) have been noted after taking linaclotide.


5.2 MeSH Pharmacological Classification

Guanylyl Cyclase C Agonists

Compunds that bind to and activate GUANYLYL CYCLASE-C RECEPTORS. (See all compounds classified as Guanylyl Cyclase C Agonists.)


5.3 FDA Pharmacological Classification
5.3.1 Pharmacological Classes
Guanylate Cyclase-C Agonist [EPC]; Guanylate Cyclase Activators [MoA]
5.4 ATC Code

A06AX04


A06AX04

S76 | LUXPHARMA | Pharmaceuticals Marketed in Luxembourg | Pharmaceuticals marketed in Luxembourg, as published by d'Gesondheetskeess (CNS, la caisse nationale de sante, www.cns.lu), mapped by name to structures using CompTox by R. Singh et al. (in prep.). List downloaded from https://cns.public.lu/en/legislations/textes-coordonnes/liste-med-comm.html. Dataset DOI:10.5281/zenodo.4587355


A - Alimentary tract and metabolism

A06 - Drugs for constipation

A06A - Drugs for constipation

A06AX - Other drugs for constipation

A06AX04 - Linaclotide


5.5 Absorption, Distribution and Excretion

Absorption

When taken orally, linaclotide is not absorbed into the systemic. No detectable levels of linaclotide or its active metabolite were noted after doses of 125 mcg or 290 mcg were administered.


Route of Elimination

Linaclotide is eliminated fecally (3 - 5% as active metabolites). However most of the dose undergoes proteolysis (processes include reduction of disulfide bonds) in the intestine before being excreted via feces.


Volume of Distribution

Given that linaclotide plasma concentrations following therapeutic oral doses are not measurable, linaclotide is expected to be minimally distributed to tissues.


Given that linaclotide plasma concentrations following therapeutic oral doses are not measurable, linaclotide is expected to be minimally distributed to tissues.

NIH; DailyMed. Current Medication Information for Linzess (Linaclotide) Capsule, Gelatin Coated (Revised: July 2014). Available from, as of March 19, 2015: https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=09beda19-56d6-4a56-afdc-9a77b70b2ef3


Active peptide recovery in the stool samples of fed and fasted subjects following the daily administration of 290 mcg of Linzess for seven days averaged about 5% (fasted) and about 3% (fed) and virtually all as the active metabolite.

NIH; DailyMed. Current Medication Information for Linzess (Linaclotide) Capsule, Gelatin Coated (Revised: July 2014). Available from, as of March 19, 2015: https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=09beda19-56d6-4a56-afdc-9a77b70b2ef3


Linzess is minimally absorbed with low systemic availability following oral administration. Concentrations of linaclotide and its active metabolite in plasma are below the limit of quantitation after oral doses of 145 ug or 290 ug were administered. Therefore, standard pharmacokinetic parameters such as area under the curve (AUC), maximum concentration (Cmax), and half-life cannot be calculated.

NIH; DailyMed. Current Medication Information for Linzess (Linaclotide) Capsule, Gelatin Coated (Revised: July 2014). Available from, as of March 19, 2015: https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=09beda19-56d6-4a56-afdc-9a77b70b2ef3


It is not known whether linaclotide is distributed into human milk.

American Society of Health-System Pharmacists 2015; Drug Information 2015. Bethesda, MD. 2015, p. 2988


For more Absorption, Distribution and Excretion (Complete) data for Linaclotide (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.


5.6 Metabolism/Metabolites

Linaclotide is metabolized within the gastrointestinal tract to its principal, active metabolite, MM-419447, by loss of the terminal tyrosine moiety. Both linaclotide and the metabolite are proteolytically degraded within the intestinal lumen to smaller peptides and naturally occurring amino acids.


The metabolism of linaclotide was investigated in a set of experiments, predominantly in rodents. Linaclotide is metabolised in the intestine by immediate break down of the disulfide bridges which prone linaclotide to further digestion by the enzymes present in the gastrointestinal environment. Several breakdown products containing 3-13 amino acids have been identified. Only one metabolite, MM-419447, was shown to be pharmacodynamic active.

European Medicines Agency (EMA), Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP), European Public Assessment Report (EPAR): Constella (Linaclotide) p.18 (2012). Available from, as of March 18, 2015: https://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/EPAR_-_Public_assessment_report/human/002490/WC500135624.pdf


Linaclotide is metabolized within the gastrointestinal tract to its principal, active metabolite by loss of the terminal tyrosine moiety. Both linaclotide and the metabolite are proteolytically degraded within the intestinal lumen to smaller peptides and naturally occurring amino acids.

NIH; DailyMed. Current Medication Information for Linzess (Linaclotide) Capsule, Gelatin Coated (Revised: July 2014). Available from, as of March 19, 2015: https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=09beda19-56d6-4a56-afdc-9a77b70b2ef3


... We examined the metabolic stability of linaclotide in conditions that mimic the gastrointestinal tract and characterized the metabolite MM-419447 (CCEYCCNPACTGC), which contributes to the pharmacologic effects of linaclotide. Systemic exposure to these active peptides is low in rats and humans, and the low systemic and portal vein concentrations of linaclotide and MM-419447 observed in the rat confirmed both peptides are minimally absorbed after oral administration. Linaclotide is stable in the acidic environment of the stomach and is converted to MM-419447 in the small intestine. The disulfide bonds of both peptides are reduced in the small intestine, where they are subsequently proteolyzed and degraded. After oral administration of linaclotide, <1% of the dose was excreted as active peptide in rat feces and a mean of 3-5% in human feces; in both cases MM-419447 was the predominant peptide recovered. MM-419447 exhibits high-affinity binding in vitro to T84 cells, resulting in a significant, concentration-dependent accumulation of intracellular cyclic guanosine-3',5'-monophosphate (cGMP). In rat models of gastrointestinal function, orally dosed MM-419447 significantly increased fluid secretion into small intestinal loops, increased intraluminal cGMP, and caused a dose-dependent acceleration in gastrointestinal transit. These results demonstrate the importance of the active metabolite in contributing to linaclotide's pharmacology.

PMID:23090647 Busby RW et al; J Pharmacol Exp Ther 344 (1): 196-206 (2013)


5.7 Biological Half-Life

Because linaclotide is not systemically absorbed, half life cannot be calculated.


Two male and two female monkeys were intravenously dosed for seven consecutive days with 15 mg/kg/day linaclotide. ... /The/ mean half life was approximately 1.5 hr on day 1 and 7 for both genders.

European Medicines Agency (EMA), Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP), European Public Assessment Report (EPAR): Constella (Linaclotide) p.19 (2012). Available from, as of March 18, 2015: https://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/EPAR_-_Public_assessment_report/human/002490/WC500135624.pdf


5.8 Mechanism of Action

Linaclotide is an agonist of guanylate cyclase-C (GC-C). Once linaclotide and its active metabolite binds to GC-C, it has local effect on the luminal surface of the intestinal epithelium. Activation of GC-C by linaclotide results in the intra- and extracellular increase of cyclic guanosine monophosphate concentrations (cGMP). This elevation of cGMP levels stimulates the secretion of chloride and bicarbonate into the intestinal lumen via activation of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) ion channel. Ultimately, linaclotide helps patients with IBS (especially with constipation) as GI transit is accelerated and the release of intestinal fluid is increased. In animal models, a decrease in visceral pain after administration of linaclotide may be observed. A decrease in the activity of pain-sensing nerves occurs as a result of an increase in extracellular cGMP.


Activation of guanylate cyclase-C (GC-C) expressed predominantly on intestinal epithelial cells by guanylin, uroguanylin or the closely related GC-C agonist peptide, linaclotide, stimulates generation, and release of cyclic guanosine-3',5'-monophosphate (cGMP). Evidence that the visceral analgesic effects of linaclotide are mediated by a novel, GC-C-dependent peripheral sensory mechanism was first demonstrated in animal models of visceral pain. Subsequent studies with uroguanylin or linaclotide have confirmed the activation of a GC-C/cGMP pathway leading to increased submucosal cGMP mediated by cGMP efflux pumps, which modulates intestinal nociceptor function resulting in peripheral analgesia. These effects can be reproduced by the addition of exogenous cGMP and support a role for GC-C/cGMP signaling in the regulation of visceral sensation, a physiological function that has not previously been linked to the GC-C/cGMP pathway. Notably, targeting the GC-C/cGMP pathway for treatment of gastrointestinal pain and abdominal sensory symptoms has now been validated in the clinic. ...

PMID:24795564 Full text: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3997039 Hannig G et al; Front Mol Neurosci 7: 31 (2014)


Linaclotide, a synthetic 14-amino acid peptide, is a potent and selective guanylate cyclase-C (GC-C) agonist with visceral analgesic and secretory activities. This first-in-class orally active peptide is structurally related to the guanylin peptide family, which is involved in the regulation of fluid homeostasis and bowel function of the GI tract. Both linaclotide and its active metabolite bind to GC-C and act locally on the luminal surface of the intestinal epithelium. Activation of GC-C results in an increase in both intracellular and extracellular concentrations of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP). Elevation in intracellular cGMP stimulates secretion of chloride and bicarbonate into the intestinal lumen, through activation of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) ion channel, resulting in increased intestinal fluid and accelerated transit. Linaclotide has been shown to both accelerate GI transit and reduce intestinal pain. The linaclotide-induced reduction in visceral pain is thought to be mediated by increased extracellular cGMP, which was shown to decrease the activity of pain-sensing nerves.

Health Canada; Product Monograph for Constella (Linaclotide), Drug Identification Number (DIN): 02417162 p.12 (Date of Preparation: May 12, 2014). Available from, as of March 18, 2015: https://webprod5.hc-sc.gc.ca/dpd-bdpp/start-debuter.do?lang=eng


Linaclotide is a minimally absorbed agonist of guanylate cyclase-C (GUCY2C or GC-C) that reduces symptoms associated with irritable bowel syndrome with constipation (IBS-C). Little is known about the mechanism by which linaclotide reduces abdominal pain in patients with IBS-C. We determined the effects of linaclotide on colonic sensory afferents in healthy mice and those with chronic visceral hypersensitivity. We assessed pain transmission by measuring activation of dorsal horn neurons in the spinal cord in response to noxious colorectal distention. Levels of Gucy2c messenger RNA were measured in tissues from mice using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and in situ hybridization. We used human intestinal cell lines to measure release of cyclic guanosine-3',5'-monophosphate (cGMP) by linaclotide. We performed a post-hoc analysis of data from a phase III, double-blind, parallel-group study in which 805 patients with IBS-C were randomly assigned to groups given an oral placebo or 290 ug linaclotide once daily for 26 weeks. We quantified changes in IBS-C symptoms, including abdominal pain. In mice, linaclotide inhibited colonic nociceptors with greater efficacy during chronic visceral hypersensitivity. Intra-colonic administration of linaclotide reduced signaling of noxious colorectal distention to the spinal cord. The colonic mucosa, but not neurons, was found to express linaclotide's target, GC-C. The downstream effector of GC-C, cGMP, was released after administration of linaclotide and also inhibited nociceptors. The effects of linaclotide were lost in Gucy2c(-/-) mice and prevented by inhibiting cGMP transporters or removing the mucosa. During 26 weeks of linaclotide administration, a significantly greater percentage of patients (70%) had at least a 30% reduction in abdominal pain compared with patients given placebo (50%). We have identified an analgesic mechanism of linaclotide: it activates GC-C expressed on mucosal epithelial cells, resulting in the production and release of cGMP. This extracellular cGMP acts on and inhibits nociceptors, thereby reducing nociception. We also found that linaclotide reduces chronic abdominal pain in patients with IBS-C.

PMID:23958540 Castro J et al; Gastroenterology 145 (6): 1334-46.e1-11 (2013)


Linaclotide is a guanlylate cyclase-C (GC-C) receptor agonist. GC-C receptor is found in the luminal aspect of intestinal epithelium and dopamine neurons in the brain, and is a key receptor for heat-stable enterotoxins that are responsible for acute secretory diarrhea. Linaclotide is structurally related to the guanylin peptide family, which is involved in the regulation of intestinal fluid homeostasis and bowel function, and includes the hormones guanylin and uroguanlyin. Linaclotide, similarly to guanylin and uroguanylin, is able to increase intracellular concentrations of the second messenger cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) through activation of the GC-C receptor, located on the apical surface of epithelial cells throughout the intestine. The presence of intracellular cGMP triggers a signal transduction cascade that leads to the activation of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) through its cGMP-dependent phosphorylation by protein kinase G II (PKG II). CFTR activation causes secretion of chloride and bicarbonate into the intestinal lumen, causing an increase in fluid secretion and acceleration of GI transit. cGMP is also transported out of the cell into the intestinal lumen and submucosa, modulating the activity of local afferent nerve fibers and causing a reduced visceral pain.

European Medicines Agency (EMA), Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP), European Public Assessment Report (EPAR): Constella (Linaclotide) p.16 (2012). Available from, as of March 18, 2015: https://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/EPAR_-_Public_assessment_report/human/002490/WC500135624.pdf


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TAPI Technology & API Services

Israel

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Guizhou Utide Biotechnology Co., L...

China

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Virtual BoothGuizhou Utide Biotechnology Co., Ltd. - Specialized GMP manufacturing for next-generation GLP-1 peptide APIs.

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Hainan Shuangcheng Pharmaceuticals

China

USDMF, CEP/COS, JDMF, EU-WC, NDC, KDMF, VMF, Others

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China

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CordenPharma

Germany

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CordenPharma

Germany

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USDMF

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GDUFA

DMF Review : Complete

Rev. Date : 2016-03-25

Pay. Date : 2016-02-12

DMF Number : 30274

Submission : 2016-03-10

Status : Active

Type : II

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Auro Peptides Ltd

India

USDMF

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GDUFA

DMF Review : Complete

Rev. Date : 2015-12-04

Pay. Date : 2015-09-18

DMF Number : 29708

Submission : 2015-09-22

Status : Active

Type : II

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GDUFA

DMF Review : Complete

Rev. Date : 2023-10-30

Pay. Date : 2023-09-19

DMF Number : 35812

Submission : 2021-04-06

Status : Active

Type : II

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GDUFA

DMF Review : N/A

Rev. Date :

Pay. Date :

DMF Number : 24992

Submission : 2011-05-27

Status : Active

Type : II

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GDUFA

DMF Review : Complete

Rev. Date : 2017-08-01

Pay. Date : 2017-02-28

DMF Number : 31351

Submission : 2017-02-01

Status : Active

Type : II

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GDUFA

DMF Review : N/A

Rev. Date :

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DMF Number : 30421

Submission : 2016-03-29

Status : Inactive

Type : II

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Polypeptide Laboratories Inc

Switzerland

USDMF

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GDUFA

DMF Review : N/A

Rev. Date :

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DMF Number : 25025

Submission : 2011-06-07

Status : Active

Type : II

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GDUFA

DMF Review : N/A

Rev. Date :

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DMF Number : 25021

Submission : 2011-06-01

Status : Active

Type : II

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GDUFA

DMF Review : Complete

Rev. Date : 2016-12-23

Pay. Date : 2016-02-23

DMF Number : 30266

Submission : 2016-11-16

Status : Active

Type : II

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JDMF

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Linaclotide

Registration Number : 231MF10090

Registrant's Address : 2075 North 55th Street Boulder, Colorado 80301-2880, U.S. S. A

Initial Date of Registration : 2019-04-16

Latest Date of Registration : 2019-04-16

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NDC API

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LINACLOTIDE

NDC Package Code : 59651-011

Start Marketing Date : 2015-11-17

End Marketing Date : 2026-12-31

Dosage Form (Strength) : POWDER (1kg/kg)

Marketing Category : BULK INGREDIENT

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LINACLOTIDE

NDC Package Code : 12869-110

Start Marketing Date : 2012-08-30

End Marketing Date : 2026-12-31

Dosage Form (Strength) : POWDER (1kg/kg)

Marketing Category : BULK INGREDIENT

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LINACLOTIDE

NDC Package Code : 14403-0014

Start Marketing Date : 2022-11-01

End Marketing Date : 2026-12-31

Dosage Form (Strength) : POWDER (1g/g)

Marketing Category : BULK INGREDIENT

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LINACLOTIDE

NDC Package Code : 69766-007

Start Marketing Date : 2016-03-31

End Marketing Date : 2026-12-31

Dosage Form (Strength) : POWDER (1kg/kg)

Marketing Category : BULK INGREDIENT

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LINACLOTIDE

NDC Package Code : 63557-0014

Start Marketing Date : 2022-04-01

End Marketing Date : 2026-12-31

Dosage Form (Strength) : POWDER (100g/100g)

Marketing Category : BULK INGREDIENT

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LINACLOTIDE

NDC Package Code : 62756-154

Start Marketing Date : 2025-03-31

End Marketing Date : 2026-12-31

Dosage Form (Strength) : POWDER (25kg/25kg)

Marketing Category : BULK INGREDIENT

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LINACLOTIDE

NDC Package Code : 84789-103

Start Marketing Date : 2025-10-09

End Marketing Date : 2026-12-31

Dosage Form (Strength) : POWDER (1g/g)

Marketing Category : BULK INGREDIENT

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Chengdu Shengnuo Biopharm Co. Ltd.

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LINACLOTIDE

NDC Package Code : 32861-0010

Start Marketing Date : 2021-04-08

End Marketing Date : 2027-12-31

Dosage Form (Strength) : POWDER (1kg/kg)

Marketing Category : BULK INGREDIENT

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Listed Suppliers

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Virtual BoothChemWerth works in generic API development & supply, non-infringement patent strategy development and regulatory support.

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Linaclotide

About the Company : ChemWerth, established in 1982, is a US-headquartered full-service generic API company. It supplies cGMP-quality APIs to regulated markets worldwide, with exclusive partnerships fo...

ChemWerth, established in 1982, is a US-headquartered full-service generic API company. It supplies cGMP-quality APIs to regulated markets worldwide, with exclusive partnerships for product development, compliance, and secure logistics. ChemWerth accesses over 500 APIs and 30 manufacturing facilities across the US, Europe, India, and China, acts as a regulatory agent for 25+ FDA-approved facilities, sells 100+ products, and operates in 38 countries. In 2020, it filed its 500th DMF with the FDA . Note: Product(s) under patent(s) are offered only for R&D purposes as per the Patent Act & not for commercial sale.
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LGM Pharma

U.S.A
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Virtual BoothLGM Pharma accelerates & optimizes the new product pathway from early development through commercialization.

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Linaclotide

About the Company : LGM Pharma is a global leader in sourcing APIs, including hard-to-find drug substances, for pharmaceutical and biotech industries. LGM also operates as a full-service drug product ...

LGM Pharma is a global leader in sourcing APIs, including hard-to-find drug substances, for pharmaceutical and biotech industries. LGM also operates as a full-service drug product CDMO, offering formulation, analytical method development and testing, regulatory support, and commercial manufacturing. Supported by a network of over 220 accredited cGMP manufacturing partners and more than 100,000 sq. ft. of FDA-inspected cGMP manufacturing and warehouse space, LGM delivers secure, end-to-end solutions across multiple dosage forms. Note: Product(s) under patent(s) are offered only for R&D purposes as per the Patent Act & not for commercial sale.
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Virtual BoothRochem, your partner in developing, sourcing, and supplying pharmaceutical & animal health ingredients of Chinese origin.

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Linaclotide

About the Company : Rochem, established in 1994, is a global distributor of pharmaceutical, food, nutritional, and animal health ingredients, sourcing high-quality products from China. Headquartered i...

Rochem, established in 1994, is a global distributor of pharmaceutical, food, nutritional, and animal health ingredients, sourcing high-quality products from China. Headquartered in Hauppauge, New York, it operates 16 offices worldwide. Rochem’s operations are fully cGMP compliant and have been audited by the USFDA and several multinational organizations. The company also trains and audits its partners to ensure FDA-compliant technologies and systems. Note: Product(s) under patent(s) are offered only for R&D purposes as per the Patent Act & not for commercial sale.
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HRV Pharma

India
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Virtual BoothHRV Pharma - Market Expansion Leader in Pharmaceuticals.

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Linaclotide

About the Company : HRV Pharma is a global manufacturer, seller, and exporter of APIs, intermediates, pellets, food-grade chemicals, food additives, and food ingredients. The company provides sourcing...

HRV Pharma is a global manufacturer, seller, and exporter of APIs, intermediates, pellets, food-grade chemicals, food additives, and food ingredients. The company provides sourcing, manufacturing, and supply services to support partners entering new markets worldwide. HRV Pharma works closely with major pharma and food additive companies and represents over 30 Indian drugmakers, primarily serving Europe, the US, and the Middle East. Headquartered in India, it operates offices in the US, Switzerland, Dubai, Lithuania, and Turkey. Note: Product(s) under patent(s) are offered only for R&D purposes as per the Patent Act & not for commercial sale.
HRV Global Life Sciences

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Virtual BoothNeuland Laboratories- A dedicated 100% API provider.

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Linaclotide

About the Company : Neuland Laboratories, established in 1984 and headquartered in Hyderabad, is a publicly listed company offering solutions for pharmaceutical chemistry needs—from library compound...

Neuland Laboratories, established in 1984 and headquartered in Hyderabad, is a publicly listed company offering solutions for pharmaceutical chemistry needs—from library compounds to NCEs and advanced intermediates. It manufactures APIs and intermediates in USFDA-approved facilities, applying advanced process chemistry in a regulatory-compliant environment for clinical and commercial stages. Note: Product(s) under patent(s) are offered only for R&D purposes as per the Patent Act & not for commercial sale.
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Virtual BoothOmgene: R&D-based biopharmaceutical company with GMP facilities, focused on innovation and high-quality, affordable medicines.

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Linaclotide

About the Company : Omgene Life Sciences Pvt. Ltd. is an R&D-driven biopharmaceutical company specializing in biopharmaceuticals, peptides, semi-synthetic, and synthetic actives. As a vertically integ...

Omgene Life Sciences Pvt. Ltd. is an R&D-driven biopharmaceutical company specializing in biopharmaceuticals, peptides, semi-synthetic, and synthetic actives. As a vertically integrated company, we focus on developing high-quality formulations based on in-house-produced actives. With GMP-certified facilities and partnerships with contract manufacturers, we excel in formulation development for injectables, lyophilized injectables, complex generics, and oral peptide delivery systems, ensuring affordable, top-quality medicines. Note: Product(s) under patent(s) are offered only for R&D purposes as per the Patent Act & not for commercial sale.
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Virtual BoothTAPI, a leading global supplier of APIs, provides over 350 products and customized CDMO solutions for every stage of development.

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Linaclotide

About the Company : Founded in 1935, TAPI Technology & API Services has a long legacy of advancing health through innovation. Today, we offer one of the industry’s most comprehensive API portfolios ...

Founded in 1935, TAPI Technology & API Services has a long legacy of advancing health through innovation. Today, we offer one of the industry’s most comprehensive API portfolios with over 350 products, alongside tailored CDMO services. Leveraging deep expertise and diverse technologies, we deliver flexible, high-quality solutions to meet our partners’ needs. Note: None of the products will be supplied to countries in which this could be in conflict with existing patents. Further, any products under patent will be offered for R&D purposes only. However, the final responsibility lies with the buyer.
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Virtual BoothGuizhou Utide Biotechnology Co., Ltd. - Specialized GMP manufacturing for next-generation GLP-1 peptide APIs.

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Linaclotide

About the Company : Guizhou Utide Biotechnology Co., Ltd., based in Zunyi, Guizhou, is a specialized manufacturer of GLP-1 peptide APIs with 20,000 m² of manufacturing facilities. Backed by a core te...

Guizhou Utide Biotechnology Co., Ltd., based in Zunyi, Guizhou, is a specialized manufacturer of GLP-1 peptide APIs with 20,000 m² of manufacturing facilities. Backed by a core team with 20+ years of peptide R&D and GMP experience, we excel in route development, process optimization, and rapid scale-up. Phase I & II facilities are operational, with Phase III GMP expansion planned. U.S. DMFs obtained for tirzepatide (042984) and retatrutide (043330), with global filings underway. Note: Product(s) under patent(s) are offered only for R&D purposes as per the Patent Act & not for commercial sale.
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Linaclotide

About the Company : Founded in 1986 by Mr. P.V. Ramaprasad Reddy, Mr. K. Nityananda Reddy and a small group of highly committed professionals, Aurobindo Pharma was born off a vision. The company comme...

Founded in 1986 by Mr. P.V. Ramaprasad Reddy, Mr. K. Nityananda Reddy and a small group of highly committed professionals, Aurobindo Pharma was born off a vision. The company commenced operations in 1988-89 with a single unit manufacturing Semi-Synthetic Penicillin (SSP) at Pondicherry. Aurobindo Pharma became a public company in 1992 and listed its shares in the Indian stock exchanges in 1995. In addition to being the market leader in Semi-Synthetic Penicillins, it has a presence in key therapeutic segments such as neurosciences, cardiovascular, anti-retrovirals, anti-diabetics, gastroenterology and cephalosporins, among others.
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Linaclotide

About the Company : Consistent growth and sustainability is a multidimensional aspiration for all at Macleods, we remained focused on providing quality and affordable medicines to billions of ailing p...

Consistent growth and sustainability is a multidimensional aspiration for all at Macleods, we remained focused on providing quality and affordable medicines to billions of ailing patients across geographies and bridging the gap of unmet needs of medical fraternity through continuous innovation. Our basic business philosophy, by its very nature, serves a social responsibility hence we have a far better reason than profits alone to drive our performance. Sustainability, is not a trend we blindly follow, it is intrinsic to how we have operated since the genesis of the organization in the year 1986.
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DRUG PRODUCT COMPOSITIONS

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DOSAGE - CAPSULE;ORAL - 145MCG

USFDA APPLICATION NUMBER - 202811

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DOSAGE - CAPSULE;ORAL - 290MCG

USFDA APPLICATION NUMBER - 202811

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DOSAGE - CAPSULE;ORAL - 72MCG

USFDA APPLICATION NUMBER - 202811

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ABOUT THIS PAGE

Looking for 851199-59-2 / Linaclotide API manufacturers, exporters & distributors?

Linaclotide manufacturers, exporters & distributors 1

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PharmaCompass offers a list of Linaclotide API manufacturers, exporters & distributors, which can be sorted by GMP, USDMF, JDMF, KDMF, CEP (COS), WC, and more, enabling you to easily find the right Linaclotide manufacturer or Linaclotide supplier for your needs.

Send us enquiries for free, and we will assist you in establishing a direct connection with your preferred Linaclotide manufacturer or Linaclotide supplier.

API | Excipient name

Linaclotide

Synonyms

Linzess, 851199-59-2, Chebi:68551, Md-1100, Constella, Cys cys glu tyr cys cys asn pro ala cys thr gly cys tyr (disulfide bridge: 1-6; 2-10; 5-13)

Cas Number

851199-59-2

About Linaclotide

Linaclotide is a synthetic, fourteen amino acid peptide and agonist of intestinal guanylate cyclase type C (GC-C), which is structurally related to the guanylin peptide family, with secretagogue, analgesic and laxative activities. Upon oral administration, linaclotide binds to and activates GC-C receptors located on the luminal surface of the intestinal epithelium. This increases the concentration of intracellular cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), which is derived from guanosine triphosphate (GTP). cGMP activates the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) and stimulates the secretion of chloride and bicarbonate into the intestinal lumen. This promotes sodium excretion into the lumen and results in increased intestinal fluid secretion. This ultimately accelerates GI transit of intestinal contents, improves bowel movement and relieves constipation. Increased extracellular cGMP levels may also exert an antinociceptive effect, through an as of yet not fully elucidated mechanism, that may involve modulation of nociceptors found on colonic afferent pain fibers. Linaclotide is minimally absorbed from the GI tract.

Linzess Manufacturers

A Linzess manufacturer is defined as any person or entity involved in the manufacture, preparation, processing, compounding or propagation of Linzess, including repackagers and relabelers. The FDA regulates Linzess manufacturers to ensure that their products comply with relevant laws and regulations and are safe and effective to use. Linzess API Manufacturers are required to adhere to Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) to ensure that their products are consistently manufactured to meet established quality criteria.

click here to find a list of Linzess manufacturers with USDMF, JDMF, KDMF, CEP, GMP, and COA related information on PhamaCompass.

Linzess Suppliers

A Linzess supplier is an individual or a company that provides Linzess active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) or Linzess finished formulations upon request. The Linzess suppliers may include Linzess API manufacturers, exporters, distributors and traders.

click here to find a list of Linzess suppliers with USDMF, JDMF, KDMF, CEP, GMP, and COA related information on PharmaCompass.

Linzess USDMF

A Linzess DMF (Drug Master File) is a document detailing the whole manufacturing process of Linzess active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) in detail. Different forms of Linzess DMFs exist exist since differing nations have different regulations, such as Linzess USDMF, ASMF (EDMF), JDMF, CDMF, etc.

A Linzess DMF submitted to regulatory agencies in the US is known as a USDMF. Linzess USDMF includes data on Linzess's chemical properties, information on the facilities and procedures used, and details about packaging and storage. The Linzess USDMF is kept confidential to protect the manufacturer’s intellectual property.

click here to find a list of Linzess suppliers with USDMF on PharmaCompass.

Linzess JDMF

The Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency (PMDA) established the Japan Drug Master File (JDMF), also known as the Master File (MF), to permit Japanese and foreign manufacturers of drug substances, intermediates, excipients, raw materials, and packaging materials (‘Products’) to voluntarily register confidential information about the production and management of their products in Japan.

The Linzess Drug Master File in Japan (Linzess JDMF) empowers Linzess API manufacturers to present comprehensive information (e.g., production methods, data, etc.) to the review authority, i.e., PMDA (Pharmaceuticals & Medical Devices Agency).

PMDA reviews the Linzess JDMF during the approval evaluation for pharmaceutical products. At the time of Linzess JDMF registration, PMDA checks if the format is accurate, if the necessary items have been included (application), and if data has been attached.

click here to find a list of Linzess suppliers with JDMF on PharmaCompass.

Linzess WC

A Linzess written confirmation (Linzess WC) is an official document issued by a regulatory agency to a Linzess manufacturer, verifying that the manufacturing facility of a Linzess active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) adheres to the Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) regulations of the importing country. When exporting Linzess APIs or Linzess finished pharmaceutical products to another nation, regulatory agencies frequently require a Linzess WC (written confirmation) as part of the regulatory process.

click here to find a list of Linzess suppliers with Written Confirmation (WC) on PharmaCompass.

Linzess NDC

National Drug Code is a comprehensive database maintained by the FDA that contains information on all drugs marketed in the US. This directory includes information about finished drug products, unfinished drug products, and compounded drug products, including those containing Linzess as an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API).

Finished drug products

The FDA updates the NDC directory daily. The NDC numbers for Linzess API and other APIs are published in this directory by the FDA.

Unfinished drugs

The NDC unfinished drugs database includes product listing information submitted for all unfinished drugs, such as active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), drugs intended for further processing and bulk drug substances for compounding.

Pharmaceutical companies that manufacture Linzess as an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) must furnish the FDA with an updated record of all drugs that they produce, prepare, propagate, compound, or process for commercial distribution in the US at their facilities.

Compounded drug products

The NDC directory also contains data on finished compounded human drug products that contain Linzess and are produced by outsourcing facilities. While these outsourcing facilities are not mandated to assign a Linzess NDC to their finished compounded human drug products, they may choose to do so.

click here to find a list of Linzess suppliers with NDC on PharmaCompass.

Linzess GMP

Linzess Active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) is produced in GMP-certified manufacturing facility.

GMP stands for Good Manufacturing Practices, which is a system used in the pharmaceutical industry to make sure that goods are regularly produced and monitored in accordance with quality standards. The FDA’s current Good Manufacturing Practices requirements are referred to as cGMP or current GMP which indicates that the company follows the most recent GMP specifications. The World Health Organization (WHO) has its own set of GMP guidelines, called the WHO GMP. Different countries can also set their own guidelines for GMP like China (Chinese GMP) or the EU (EU GMP).

PharmaCompass offers a list of Linzess GMP manufacturers, exporters & distributors, which can be sorted by USDMF, JDMF, KDMF, CEP (COS), WC, and more, enabling you to easily find the right Linzess GMP manufacturer or Linzess GMP API supplier for your needs.

Linzess CoA

A Linzess CoA (Certificate of Analysis) is a formal document that attests to Linzess's compliance with Linzess specifications and serves as a tool for batch-level quality control.

Linzess CoA mostly includes findings from lab analyses of a specific batch. For each Linzess CoA document that a company creates, the USFDA specifies specific requirements, such as supplier information, material identification, transportation data, evidence of conformity and signature data.

Linzess may be tested according to a variety of international standards, such as European Pharmacopoeia (Linzess EP), Linzess JP (Japanese Pharmacopeia) and the US Pharmacopoeia (Linzess USP).

Inform the supplier about your product requirements, specifying if you need a product with particular monograph like EP (Ph. Eur.), USP, JP, BP, or any other quality. In addition, clarify whether you need hydrochloride (HCl), anhydricum, base, micronisatum or a specific level of purity. To find reputable suppliers, utilize the filters and select those certified by GMP, FDA, or any other certification as per your requirement.
For your convenience, we have listed synonyms and CAS numbers to help you find the best supplier. The use of synonyms and CAS numbers can be helpful in identifying potential suppliers, but it is crucial to note that they might not always indicate the exact same product. It is important to confirm the product details with the supplier before making a purchase to ensure that it meets your requirements.
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