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Calcium Gluconate
Also known as: 299-28-5, Calcium d-gluconate, Calglucon, D-gluconic acid, calcium salt (2:1), Gluconate calcium, Calcarea gluconica
Molecular Formula
C12H22CaO14
Molecular Weight
430.37  g/mol
InChI Key
NEEHYRZPVYRGPP-IYEMJOQQSA-L
FDA UNII
SQE6VB453K

The calcium salt of gluconic acid. The compound has a variety of uses, including its use as a calcium replenisher in hypocalcemic states.
1 2D Structure

Calcium Gluconate

2 Identification
2.1 Computed Descriptors
2.1.1 IUPAC Name
calcium;(2R,3S,4R,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanoate
2.1.2 InChI
InChI=1S/2C6H12O7.Ca/c2*7-1-2(8)3(9)4(10)5(11)6(12)13;/h2*2-5,7-11H,1H2,(H,12,13);/q;;+2/p-2/t2*2-,3-,4+,5-;/m11./s1
2.1.3 InChI Key
NEEHYRZPVYRGPP-IYEMJOQQSA-L
2.1.4 Canonical SMILES
C(C(C(C(C(C(=O)[O-])O)O)O)O)O.C(C(C(C(C(C(=O)[O-])O)O)O)O)O.[Ca+2]
2.1.5 Isomeric SMILES
C([C@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](C(=O)[O-])O)O)O)O)O.C([C@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](C(=O)[O-])O)O)O)O)O.[Ca+2]
2.2 Other Identifiers
2.2.1 UNII
SQE6VB453K
2.3 Synonyms
2.3.1 MeSH Synonyms

1. Calciofon

2. Calcipot

3. Calcium Braun

4. Calcivitol

5. Calglucon

6. Cbg

7. Ebucin

8. Flopak Plain

9. Glucal

10. Glucobiogen

11. Gluconate De Calcium Lavoisier

12. Gluconate, Calcium

13. Gluconato Calc Fresenius

2.3.2 Depositor-Supplied Synonyms

1. 299-28-5

2. Calcium D-gluconate

3. Calglucon

4. D-gluconic Acid, Calcium Salt (2:1)

5. Gluconate Calcium

6. Calcarea Gluconica

7. Calcium Di-gluconate

8. Calcium Gluconate Anhydrous

9. Gluconic Acid Calcium Salt

10. Calcium Gluconate, Anhydrous

11. Glucobiogen

12. Calciofon

13. Sqe6vb453k

14. Ins No.578

15. Ebucin

16. Gluconate De Calcium

17. Ins-578

18. Almora

19. Nsc-744619

20. 152772-65-1

21. Calcium;(2r,3s,4r,5r)-2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanoate

22. Calcicol

23. Calcipur

24. Calglucol

25. Dragocal

26. Kalpren

27. Novocal

28. E-578

29. Calcium (2r,3s,4r,5r)-2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanoate

30. Calcium Hexagluconate

31. 2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxycaproic Acid Hemicalcium Salt

32. 18016-24-5

33. Gluconato Di Calcio

34. Calcium D-gluconate (1:2)

35. Gluconate De Calcium [french]

36. Gluconato Di Calcio [italian]

37. Ccris 1336

38. Hsdb 994

39. Calcium Gluconate [usan:jan]

40. Einecs 206-075-8

41. Unii-sqe6vb453k

42. Gluconic Acid, Calcium Salt

43. Calcii Gluconas

44. Gluconic Acid, Calcium Salt (2:1), D-

45. Gluconic Acid, Calcium Salt, D-

46. Mfcd00064209

47. Calcium Bis(d-gluconate)

48. Calcium Gluconate (usp)

49. L-gluconic Acid Calcium Salt

50. Schembl24132

51. Gluconic Acid Hemicalcium Salt

52. Calcium Gluconate [mi]

53. Chebi:3309

54. Calcium Gluconate [fcc]

55. Boron Gluconate Blend 5% 40m

56. Calcium Gluconate [hsdb]

57. Calcium Gluconate [inci]

58. Chembl2106119

59. Dtxsid2029618

60. Calcium Gluconate [vandf]

61. Calcium Gluconate [who-dd]

62. Calcium Gluconate [who-ip]

63. Akos015895893

64. Calcii Gluconas [who-ip Latin]

65. Calcium Gluconate [orange Book]

66. Db11126

67. Nsc 744619

68. Calcium Gluconate [usp Impurity]

69. Calcium Gluconate [usp Monograph]

70. As-80559

71. Calcium Gluconate Anhydrous [usp-rs]

72. G0037

73. C08133

74. D00935

75. A876351

76. Q413739

77. Calcium Gluconate, Anhydrous [ep Monograph]

78. W-202243

79. Calcium D-gluconate Gel, 2.5% W/w Aqueous Solution

80. Calcium Bis[(2r,3s,4r,5r)-2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanoate]

2.4 Create Date
2005-06-24
3 Chemical and Physical Properties
Molecular Weight 430.37 g/mol
Molecular Formula C12H22CaO14
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count10
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count14
Rotatable Bond Count8
Exact Mass430.0635462 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass430.0635462 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area283 Ų
Heavy Atom Count27
Formal Charge0
Complexity165
Isotope Atom Count0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count8
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count0
Covalently Bonded Unit Count3
4 Drug and Medication Information
4.1 Therapeutic Uses

Some studies have shown that calcium supplementation begun in the second trimester may be effective in lowering blood pressure in pregnancy women with pregnancy-induced hypertension or pre-eclampsia, both of which may possibly be associated with increased calcium demand of the fetus during the last trimester. /Calcium supplements/

USP Convention. USPDI-Drug Information for the Health Care Professional. 14th ed. Volume I. Rockville, MD: United States Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc., 1994. (Plus Updates)., p. 698


Oral calcium salts are used as dietary supplemental therapy for person who may not get enough calcium in their regular diet. Due to increased needs, children and pregnancy women are at greatest risk. Pre- and postmenopausal women; adolescents, especially girls and the elderly may not receive adequate calcium in their diets. ... Calcium supplements are used as part of the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis in patients with an inadequate calcium intake. The use of calcium citrate may reduce the risk of kidney stones in susceptible patients. The use of water-soluble salts of calcium (ie, citrate, gluconate, and lactate) may be preferable to acid-soluble salts (ie, carbonate and phosphate) for patients with reduced stomach acid or patients taking acid-inhibiting medication, such as the histamine H2-receptor antagonists. /Calcium supplements; Included in US product labeling/

Thomson/Micromedex. Drug Information for the Health Care Professional. Volume 1, Greenwood Village, CO. 2006., p. 742


Oral calcium supplements provide a source of calcium ion for treating calcium depletion occurring in conditions such as chronic hypoparathyroidism, pseudohypoparathyroidism, osteomalacia, rickets, chronic renal failure, and hypocalcemia secondary to the administration of anticonvulsant medications. When chronic hypocalcemia is due to vitamin D deficiency oral calcium salts may be administered concomitantly with vitamin D analogs. /Calcium supplements; Included in US product labeling/

Thomson/Micromedex. Drug Information for the Health Care Professional. Volume 1, Greenwood Village, CO. 2006., p. 742


Calcium chloride and parenteral calcium gluconate are used to decrease or reverse the cardiac depressant effects of hyperkalemia on electrocardiographic (ECG) function. /Calcium supplements; Included in US product labeling/

Thomson/Micromedex. Drug Information for the Health Care Professional. Volume 1, Greenwood Village, CO. 2006., p. 742


For more Therapeutic Uses (Complete) data for CALCIUM GLUCONATE (27 total), please visit the HSDB record page.


4.2 Drug Warning

VET: ... Calcium gluconate ... if given by iv injection, should be admin slowly ... given rapidly ... may have toxic effect on heart.

Clarke, E.G., and M. L. Clarke. Veterinary Toxicology. Baltimore, Maryland: The Williams and Wilkins Company, 1975., p. 47


Calcium gluconate ... not recommended for im use because dose must be large and danger of sterile abscess formation is too great.

Hayes, W.J., Jr., E.R. Laws Jr., (eds.). Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology Volume 1. General Principles. New York, NY: Academic Press, Inc., 1991., p. 398


Many physicians recommend that pregnant women receive multivitamin and mineral supplements, especially those pregnant women who do not consume an adequate diet and those in high-risk categories )ie, women carrying more than one fetus, heavy cigarette smokers, and alcohol and drug abusers). Taking excessive amounts of a multivitamin and mineral supplement may be harmful to the mother and/or fetus and should be avoided. /Calcium supplements/

Thomson/Micromedex. Drug Information for the Health Care Professional. Volume 1, Greenwood Village, CO. 2006., p. 742


Side/adverse effects may be more likely to occur if oral calcium supplements are taken in much larger doses than recommended (greater than 2000 to 2500 mg a day), if they are taken for a longer period of time, or if they are taken by patients with renal function impairment or milk-alkali syndrome. /Calcium supplements/

Thomson/Micromedex. Drug Information for the Health Care Professional. Volume 1, Greenwood Village, CO. 2006., p. 744


For more Drug Warnings (Complete) data for CALCIUM GLUCONATE (15 total), please visit the HSDB record page.


4.3 Drug Indication

Oral calcium salts are used as dietary supplemental therapy for person who may not get enough calcium in their regular diet. Calcium gluconate is used as a cardioprotective agent in high blood potassium. Calcium gluconate is the antidote for magnesium sulfate toxicity.


5 Pharmacology and Biochemistry
5.1 Pharmacology

Calcium Gluconate is the gluconate salt of calcium. An element or mineral necessary for normal nerve, muscle, and cardiac function, calcium as the gluconate salt helps to maintain calcium balance and prevent bone loss when taken orally. This agent may also be chemopreventive for colon and other cancers.


5.2 FDA Pharmacological Classification
5.2.1 Pharmacological Classes
Calcium [CS]; Cations, Divalent [CS]; Increased Coagulation Factor Activity [PE]; Blood Coagulation Factor [EPC]
5.3 ATC Code

A - Alimentary tract and metabolism

A12 - Mineral supplements

A12A - Calcium

A12AA - Calcium

A12AA03 - Calcium gluconate


D - Dermatologicals

D11 - Other dermatological preparations

D11A - Other dermatological preparations

D11AX - Other dermatologicals

D11AX03 - Calcium gluconate


5.4 Absorption, Distribution and Excretion

Absorption

Approximately one-fifth to one-third of orally administered calcium is absorbed in the small intestine, depending on presence of vitamin D metabolites, pH in lumen, and on dietary factors, such as calcium binding to fiber or phytates. Calcium absorption is increased when a calcium deficiency is present or when a patient is on a low-calcium diet. In patients with achlorhydria or hypochlorhydria, calcium absorption, especially with the carbonate salt, may be reduced.


Route of Elimination

Renal (20%) - The amount excreted in the urine varies with degree of calcium absorption and whether there is excessive bone loss or failure of renal conservation. Fecal (80%) - Consists mainly of nonabsorbed calcium, with only a small amount of endogenous fecal calcium excreted.


Volume of Distribution

Not available


Approximately one-fifth to one-third of orally administered calcium is absorbed in the small intestine, depending on presence of vitamin D metabolites, pH in lumen, and on dietary factors, such as calcium binding to fiber or phytates. Calcium absorption is increased when a calcium deficiency is present or when a patient is on a low-calcium diet. In patients with achlorhydria or hypochlorhydria, calcium absorption, especially with the carbonate salt, may be reduced. /Calcium supplements/

Thomson/Micromedex. Drug Information for the Health Care Professional. Volume 1, Greenwood Village, CO. 2006., p. 742


Elimination: Renal (20%) - The amount excreted in the urine varies with degree of calcium absorption and whether there is excessive bone loss or failure of renal conservation. Fecal (80%) - Consists mainly of nonabsorbed calcium, with only a small amount of endogenous fecal calcium excreted. /Calcium supplements/

Thomson/Micromedex. Drug Information for the Health Care Professional. Volume 1, Greenwood Village, CO. 2006., p. 742


5.5 Metabolism/Metabolites

Calcium gluconate does not require hepatic metabolism for the release of Ca++ and is as effective as calcium chloride in treating ionic hypocalcemia in the absence of hepatic function.


5.6 Mechanism of Action

Calcium is essential for the functional integrity of the nervous, muscular, and skeletal systems. It plays a role in normal cardiac function, renal function, respiration, blood coagulation, and cell membrane and capillary permeability. Also, calcium helps to regulate the release and storage of neurotransmitters and hormones, the uptake and binding of amino acids, absorption of vitamin B 12, and gastrin secretion. The major fraction (99%) of calcium is in the skeletal structure primarily as hydroxyapatite, Ca 10(PO 4) 6(OH) 2; small amounts of calcium carbonate and amorphous calcium phosphates are also present. The calcium of bone is in a constant exchange with the calcium of plasma. Since the metabolic functions of calcium are essential for life, when there is a disturbance in the calcium balance because of dietary deficiency or other causes, the stores of calcium in bone may be depleted to fill the body's more acute needs. Therefore, on a chronic basis, normal mineralization of bone depends on adequate amounts of total body calcium.


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