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    Chemistry

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    Also known as: 7235-40-7, Beta carotene, Beta,beta-carotene, Betacarotene, Solatene, Provitamin a
    Molecular Formula
    C40H56
    Molecular Weight
    536.9  g/mol
    InChI Key
    OENHQHLEOONYIE-JLTXGRSLSA-N
    FDA UNII
    01YAE03M7J
    Beta Carotene
    A carotenoid that is a precursor of VITAMIN A. Beta carotene is administered to reduce the severity of photosensitivity reactions in patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria (PORPHYRIA, ERYTHROPOIETIC).
    1 2D Structure

    Beta Carotene

    2 Identification
    2.1 Computed Descriptors
    2.1.1 IUPAC Name
    1,3,3-trimethyl-2-[(1E,3E,5E,7E,9E,11E,13E,15E,17E)-3,7,12,16-tetramethyl-18-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohexen-1-yl)octadeca-1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15,17-nonaenyl]cyclohexene
    2.1.2 InChI
    InChI=1S/C40H56/c1-31(19-13-21-33(3)25-27-37-35(5)23-15-29-39(37,7)8)17-11-12-18-32(2)20-14-22-34(4)26-28-38-36(6)24-16-30-40(38,9)10/h11-14,17-22,25-28H,15-16,23-24,29-30H2,1-10H3/b12-11+,19-13+,20-14+,27-25+,28-26+,31-17+,32-18+,33-21+,34-22+
    2.1.3 InChI Key
    OENHQHLEOONYIE-JLTXGRSLSA-N
    2.1.4 Canonical SMILES
    CC1=C(C(CCC1)(C)C)C=CC(=CC=CC(=CC=CC=C(C)C=CC=C(C)C=CC2=C(CCCC2(C)C)C)C)C
    2.1.5 Isomeric SMILES
    CC1=C(C(CCC1)(C)C)/C=C/C(=C/C=C/C(=C/C=C/C=C(/C=C/C=C(/C=C/C2=C(CCCC2(C)C)C)\C)\C)/C)/C
    2.2 Other Identifiers
    2.2.1 UNII
    01YAE03M7J
    2.3 Synonyms
    2.3.1 MeSH Synonyms

    1. Bellacarotin

    2. Beta Carotene

    3. Betacarotene

    4. Carotaben

    5. Carotene, Beta

    6. Max Caro

    7. Max-caro

    8. Maxcaro

    9. Provatene

    10. Solatene

    11. Vetoron

    2.3.2 Depositor-Supplied Synonyms

    1. 7235-40-7

    2. Beta Carotene

    3. Beta,beta-carotene

    4. Betacarotene

    5. Solatene

    6. Provitamin A

    7. Carotaben

    8. Provatene

    9. Serlabo

    10. All-trans-beta-carotene

    11. Food Orange 5

    12. Kpmk

    13. Lucaratin

    14. Betavit

    15. Natural Yellow 26

    16. Karotin

    17. Provatenol

    18. Beta-karotin

    19. B-carotene

    20. B,b-carotene

    21. .beta.-carotene

    22. C.i. Food Orange 5

    23. .beta.,.beta.-carotene

    24. Zlut Prirodni 26

    25. All-trans-.beta.-carotene

    26. Ci Food Orange 5

    27. Carotene,beta

    28. Beta-carotin

    29. Beta -carotene

    30. Beta;-carotene

    31. Ci 40800

    32. Ci 75130

    33. .beta. Carotene

    34. Lucarotin 30sun

    35. C.i. 75130

    36. Nsc 62794

    37. Beta, Beta-carotene

    38. Betacarotene [inn]

    39. (all-e)-1,1'-(3,7,12,16-tetramethyl-1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15,17-octadecanonaene-1,18-diyl)bis(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohexene)

    40. 1,3,3-trimethyl-2-[(1e,3e,5e,7e,9e,11e,13e,15e,17e)-3,7,12,16-tetramethyl-18-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohexen-1-yl)octadeca-1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15,17-nonaenyl]cyclohexene

    41. 116-32-5

    42. Ins-160a(iii)

    43. Ins No.160a(iii)

    44. Caroten Base 35468

    45. Rovimix .beta.-carotene

    46. E-160a(iii)

    47. Mls001066383

    48. 01yae03m7j

    49. 2,2'-((1e,3e,5e,7e,9e,11e,13e,15e,17e)-3,7,12,16-tetramethyloctadeca-1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15,17-nonaene-1,18-diyl)bis(1,3,3-trimethylcyclohex-1-ene)

    50. Chebi:17579

    51. Nsc62794

    52. Betacarotene (inn)

    53. Nsc-62794

    54. 1,1'-(3,7,12,16-tetramethyl-1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15,17-octadecanonaene-1,18-diyl)bis(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohexene), (all E)-

    55. Ncgc00096081-01

    56. Smr000112037

    57. C.i.-40800

    58. Solatene (caps)

    59. Karotin [czech]

    60. Cyclohexene, 1,1'-(3,7,12,16-tetramethyl-1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15,17-octadecanonaene-1,18-diyl)bis(2,6,6-trimethyl-, (all-e)-

    61. .beta.-carotene, All-trans-

    62. Betacarotenum [latin]

    63. Beta Carotene [usan]

    64. Betacaroteno

    65. Betacaroteno [spanish]

    66. Betacarotenum

    67. Mfcd00001556

    68. Beta-carotene, All-trans-

    69. Betacarotenum [inn-latin]

    70. Betacaroteno [inn-spanish]

    71. Zlut Prirodni 26 [czech]

    72. 1,1'-[(1e,3e,5e,7e,9e,11e,13e,15e,17e)-3,7,12,16-tetramethyloctadeca-1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15,17-nonaene-1,18-diyl]bis(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohexene)

    73. Trans-beta-carotene

    74. Ccris 3245

    75. Hsdb 3264

    76. Diet,beta-carotene Supplementation

    77. E160a

    78. Sr-01000763803

    79. Einecs 230-636-6

    80. Beta Carotene [usan:usp]

    81. Unii-01yae03m7j

    82. Lucarotin

    83. Lurotin

    84. Beta-carotine

    85. All-e-b-carotene

    86. Rovimix B-carotene

    87. Carotene, .beta.

    88. Solatene (tn)

    89. Cyclohexene, 1,1'-(3,7,12,16-tetramethyl-1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15,17-octadecanonaene-1,18-diyl)bis[2,6,6-trimethyl-, (all-e)-

    90. I(2)-carotene

    91. Carotene Base 80s

    92. All-trans-b-carotene

    93. Beta Carotene Natural

    94. Beta Carotene (usp)

    95. Trans-.beta.-carotene

    96. Carotene, Provitamin A

    97. All Trans Beta-carotene

    98. B-carotene - 30%

    99. All-e-.beta.-carotene

    100. All-epsilon-beta-carotene

    101. Dsstox_cid_253

    102. Spectrum5_000505

    103. .beta., .beta.-carotene

    104. Bmse000832

    105. Ec 230-636-6

    106. C40h56 (beta-carotene)

    107. (9z,13z)-beta-carotene

    108. Beta Carotene [dsc]

    109. Beta-carotene [fcc]

    110. Chembl1293

    111. Dsstox_rid_75466

    112. Bidd:pxr0110

    113. Dsstox_gsid_20253

    114. Beta Carotene [hsdb]

    115. Beta-carotene [inci]

    116. Betacarotene [mart.]

    117. Bspbio_003404

    118. Beta Carotene [vandf]

    119. Betacarotene [who-dd]

    120. Carotene,beta [vandf]

    121. .beta.-carotene [mi]

    122. Beta Carotene [usp-rs]

    123. Dtxsid3020253

    124. Bdbm54988

    125. Cid_5280489

    126. Hms501a12

    127. .beta.,.beta.-carotene, Neo B

    128. Betacarotene [ep Impurity]

    129. Ci 40800 [inci]

    130. Ci 75130 [inci]

    131. Hms2091m17

    132. Pharmakon1600-01500143

    133. Betacarotene [ep Monograph]

    134. Beta Carotene [orange Book]

    135. Hy-n0411

    136. Zinc6845076

    137. Beta-carotene, >=97.0% (uv)

    138. Tox21_111557

    139. Ccg-36062

    140. Lmpr01070001

    141. Nsc755910

    142. S1767

    143. Beta Carotene [usp Monograph]

    144. Akos015896682

    145. Ac-1869

    146. Db06755

    147. Nsc-755910

    148. Sdccgmls-0066579.p001

    149. Idi1_000330

    150. Ncgc00096081-02

    151. As-13354

    152. Xc175229

    153. Cas-7235-40-7

    154. Sbi-0051295.p003

    155. N1547

    156. Sw220035-1

    157. C02094

    158. D03101

    159. Ab00051925_06

    160. Ab00051925_07

    161. Beta-carotene, Vetec(tm) Reagent Grade, >=93%

    162. Q306135

    163. Q-200706

    164. Sr-01000763803-2

    165. Sr-01000763803-3

    166. Sr-01000763803-4

    167. Beta-carotene (constituent Of Spirulina) [dsc]

    168. Beta-carotene, Type I, Synthetic, >=93% (uv), Powder

    169. 89648336-f9b2-44a0-9bf8-62e73369cb9b

    170. Beta Carotene, United States Pharmacopeia (usp) Reference Standard

    171. Beta-carotene, Type Ii, Synthetic, >=95% (hplc), Crystalline

    172. Beta-carotene (constituent Of Lycopene And Tomato Extract Containing Lycopene) [dsc]

    173. Beta-carotene, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material

    174. Cyclohexane,1,1'-(3,7,12,16-tetramethyl-1,18-octadecanediyl)bis[2,2,6-trimethyl-

    175. (all-e)-1,1'-(3,7,12,16-tetramethyl-1,3,5, 7,9,11,13,15,17-octadecanonaene-1,18-diyl)bis[2,6, 6-trimethylcyclohexene]

    176. (all-e)-1,1'-(3,7,12,16-tetramethyl-1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15,17-octadecanonaene-1,18-diyl)bis

    177. (all-e)-1,1'-(3,7,12,16-tetramethyl-1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15,17-octadecanonaene-1,18-diyl)bis[2,6,6-trimethyl-cyclohexene

    178. 1,18-bis(2,6,6-trimethyl-1-cyclohexenyl)-3,7,12,16-tetramethyl-1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15,17-octadecanonene

    2.4 Create Date
    2004-09-16
    3 Chemical and Physical Properties
    Molecular Weight 536.9 g/mol
    Molecular Formula C40H56
    XLogP313.5
    Hydrogen Bond Donor Count0
    Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count0
    Rotatable Bond Count10
    Exact Mass536.438201786 g/mol
    Monoisotopic Mass536.438201786 g/mol
    Topological Polar Surface Area0 Ų
    Heavy Atom Count40
    Formal Charge0
    Complexity1120
    Isotope Atom Count0
    Defined Atom Stereocenter Count0
    Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count0
    Defined Bond Stereocenter Count9
    Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count0
    Covalently Bonded Unit Count1
    4 Drug and Medication Information
    4.1 Therapeutic Uses

    Antioxidants

    National Library of Medicine's Medical Subject Headings online file (MeSH, 1999)

    THERAPY WITH ORAL BETA-CAROTENE IN PATIENT WITH POLYMORPHOUS LIGHT ERUPTION; COMPLETE REMISSION OCCURRED IN 32% (6/19) TREATED WITH BETA-CAROTENE.

    PMID:427019 PARRISH JA ET AL; BR J DERMATOL 100 (2): 187 (1979)

    MEDICATION (VET): VITAMIN A PRECURSOR FOR ALL SPECIES EXCEPT CATS.

    Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs and Biologicals. Rahway, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1989., p. 282

    The effects of chronic oral administration of beta-carotene, a carotenoid partially metabolized to retinol, on plasma lipid concentrations have not been well studied; therefore, 61 subjects were studied over 12 mo while they were enrolled in a skin cancer prevention study in which patients were randomly assigned to receive either placebo (n = 30) or 50 mg beta-carotene/day orally (n = 31). At study entry and 1 yr later, fasting blood samples were obtained for measurement of triglycerides, total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, retinol, and beta-carotene. Retinol concentrations changed minimally in both groups; beta-carotene concentration increased an average of 12.1 + or - 47 nmol/L in the placebo group and 4279 + or - 657 nmol/l in the active treatment group. Both groups experienced similar small increases in triglyceride and total cholesterol concentrations and small decreases in high density lipoprotein cholesterol. Daily oral administration of 50 mg beta-carotene/day did not affect plasma lipid concentrations.

    PMID:2000818 Nierenberg DW et al; Am J Clin Nutr 53 (3): 652-4 (1991)

    For more Therapeutic Uses (Complete) data for BETA-CAROTENE (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

    4.2 Drug Warning

    NOT EFFECTIVE AS SUNSCREEN IN NORMAL INDIVIDUALS & SHOULD NOT BE USED FOR THAT PURPOSE ... USED WITH CAUTION IN PT WITH IMPAIRED RENAL OR HEPATIC FUNCTION BECAUSE SAFE USE ... HAS NOT BEEN ESTABLISHED.

    American Society of Hospital Pharmacists. Data supplied on contract from American Hospital Formulary Service and other current ASHP sources., p. 1976

    Beta carotene is well tolerated. Carotenodermia is usually the only adverse effect. Patients should be forewarned that carotenodermia will develop after 2-6 weeks of therapy, usually first noticed as yellowness of the palms of the hands or soles of the feet and to a lesser extent of the face. Some patients may experience loose stools during beta carotene therapy, but this is sporadic and may not require discontinuance of therapy. Ecchymoses and arthralgia have been reported rarely

    McEvoy, G.K. (ed.). American Hospital Formulary Service. AHFS Drug Information. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Bethesda, MD. 2006., p. 3555

    Beta carotene should be used with caution in patients with impaired renal or hepatic function because safe use of the drug in the presence of these conditions has not been established. Although abnormally high blood concentrations of vitamin A do not occur during beta carotene therapy, patients receiving beta carotene should be advised against taking supplementary vitamin A because beta carotene will fulfill normal vitamin A requirements. Patients should be cautioned that large quantities of green or yellow vegetables or their juices or extracts are not suitable substitutes for crystalline beta carotene because consumption of excessive quantities of these vegetables may cause adverse effects such as leukopenia or menstrual disorders. Patients should be warned that the protective effect of beta carotene is not total and that they may still develop considerable burning and edema after sufficient exposure to sunlight. Each patient must establish his own time limit of exposure.

    McEvoy, G.K. (ed.). American Hospital Formulary Service. AHFS Drug Information. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Bethesda, MD. 2006., p. 3556

    There are no adequate and controlled studies to date in humans. Beta carotene should be used during pregnancy only when the potential benefits justify the possible risks to the fetus. The effect of beta carotene on fertility in humans is not known.

    McEvoy, G.K. (ed.). American Hospital Formulary Service. AHFS Drug Information. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Bethesda, MD. 2006., p. 3556

    For more Drug Warnings (Complete) data for BETA-CAROTENE (11 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

    4.3 Drug Indication

    Beta-carotene is FDA approved to be used as a nutrient supplement and to be even added in infant formula as a source of vitamin A. It is also approved to be used as a color additive for food products, drugs (with the label of "only as a color additive") and cosmetics. It is used commonly for the reduction of photosensitivity in patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria and other photosensitivity diseases.

    5 Pharmacology and Biochemistry
    5.1 Pharmacology

    Oral administration of beta-carotene increases the serum concentration of beta-carotene by 60% but it does not change the concentration found in the heart, liver or kidneys. In vitro studies in hepatocytes have shown that beta-carotene ameliorates oxidative stress, enhances antioxidant activity and decreases apoptosis. Other than the antioxidant activities, some other actions have been correlated to beta-carotene. It is thought to have detoxifying properties, as well as to help increase resistance to inflammation and infection and increase immune response and enhance RNA production.

    5.2 MeSH Pharmacological Classification

    Provitamins

    Precursor forms of vitamins. (See all compounds classified as Provitamins.)

    5.3 ATC Code

    A - Alimentary tract and metabolism

    A11 - Vitamins

    A11C - Vitamin a and d, incl. combinations of the two

    A11CA - Vitamin a, plain

    A11CA02 - Betacarotene

    D - Dermatologicals

    D02 - Emollients and protectives

    D02B - Protectives against uv-radiation

    D02BB - Protectives against uv-radiation for systemic use

    D02BB01 - Betacarotene

    5.4 Absorption, Distribution and Excretion

    Absorption

    After administration of beta-carotene, some of the administered dose is absorbed into the circulatory system unchanged and stored in the fat tissue. The coadministration of beta-carotene and a high-fat content diet is correlated to a better absorption of beta-carotene. The absorption is also dependent on the isomeric form of the molecule where the cis conformation seems to present a higher bioavailability. The absorption of beta-carotene is thought to be performed in 6-7 hours. The reported AUC of beta-carotene when administered orally from 0 to 440 hours after initial administration was reported to be 26.3 mcg.h/L. The maximal concentration of beta-carotene is attained in a dual pharmacokinetic profile after 6 hours and again after 32 hours with a concentration of 0.58 micromol/L.

    Route of Elimination

    The unabsorbed carotene is excreted in feces. It is also excreted in feces and urine as metabolites. The consumption of dietary fiber can increase the fecal excretion of fats and other fat-soluble compounds such as beta-carotene.

    Volume of Distribution

    No pharmacokinetic studies have been performed regarding the volume of distribution of beta-carotene.

    Clearance

    The clearance rate of beta-carotene administered orally is 0.68 nmol/L each hour.

    Carotenoids are absorbed and transported via lymphatics to the liver. They circulate in association with lipoproteins, and are found in liver, adrenal, testes, and adipose tissue, and can be converted to vitamin A in numerous tissues, including the liver. Some beta carotene is absorbed as such and circulates in association with lipoproteins; it apparently partitions into body lipids and can be converted to vitamin A in numerous tissues, including the liver.

    Hardman, J.G., L.E. Limbird, P.B., A.G. Gilman. Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 10th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 2001., p. 1781

    Absorption of beta-carotene depends on the presence of dietary fat and bile in the intestinal tract.

    Thomson/Micromedex. Drug Information for the Health Care Professional. Volume 1, Greenwood Village, CO. 2006.

    Unchanged beta-carotene is found in various tissues, primarily fat tissues, adrenal glands, and ovaries. Small concentrations are found in the liver.

    Thomson/Micromedex. Drug Information for the Health Care Professional. Volume 1, Greenwood Village, CO. 2006.

    Only about one-third of beta-carotene or other carotenoids is absorbed by human beings. The absorption of carotenoids takes place in a relatively nonspecific fashion and depends upon the presence of bile and absorbable fat in the intestinal tract; it is greatly decreased by steatorrhea, chronic diarrhea, and very-low-fat diets.

    Hardman, J.G., L.E. Limbird, P.B., A.G. Gilman. Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 10th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 2001., p. 1781

    For more Absorption, Distribution and Excretion (Complete) data for BETA-CAROTENE (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

    5.5 Metabolism/Metabolites

    Beta-carotene is broken down in the mucosa of the small intestine and liver by beta-carotene dioxygenase to retinal which is a form of vitamin A. The function of this enzyme is vital as it decides if the beta-carotene is transformed to vitamin A or if it circulates in the plasma as beta-carotene. Less than a quarter of the ingested beta-carotene from root vegetables and about half of the beta-carotene from leafy green vegetables are converted to vitamin A.

    A portion of the beta-carotene is converted to retinol in the wall of the small intestine, principally by its initial cleavage at the 15,15' double bond to form two molecules of retinal. Some of the retinal is further oxidized to retinoic acid; only one-half is reduced to retinol, which is then esterified and transported in the lymph. ...

    Hardman, J.G., L.E. Limbird, P.B., A.G. Gilman. Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 10th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 2001., p. 1781

    Approximately 20 to 60% of beta-carotene is metabolized to retinaldehyde and then converted to retinol, primarily in the intestinal wall. A small amount of beta-carotene is converted to vitamin A in the liver. The proportion of beta-carotene converted to vitamin A diminishes inversely to the intake of beta-carotene, as long as the dosages are higher than one to two times the daily requirements. High doses of beta-carotene do not lead to abnormally high serum concentrations of vitamin A.

    Thomson/Micromedex. Drug Information for the Health Care Professional. Volume 1, Greenwood Village, CO. 2006.

    Beta carotene may be converted to 2 molecules of retinal by cleavage at the 15-15' double bond in the center of the molecule. Most of the retinal is reduced to retinol which is then conjugated with glucuronic acid and excreted in urine and feces. Some retinal may be further oxidized to retinoic acid which can be decarboxylated and further metabolized, secreted into bile, and excreted in feces as the glucuronide.

    McEvoy, G.K. (ed.). American Hospital Formulary Service. AHFS Drug Information. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Bethesda, MD. 2006., p. 3556

    Two pathways have been suggested for the conversion of carotenoids to vitamin A in mammals, central cleavage and excentric cleavage. An enzyme, beta-carotenoid-15,15'-dioxygenase, has been partly purified from the intestines of several species and has been identified in several other organs and species. The enzyme, which converts beta-carotene into two molecules of retinal in good yield, requires molecular oxygen and is inhibited by sulfhydryl binding reagents and iron binding reagents. Most provitamin A carotenoids, including the beta-apo-carotenals, are cleaved to retinal by this enzyme. Its maximal activity in the rabbit is approximately 200 times that required to meet nutritional needs but is less than 50% of that expected to produce signs of vitamin A toxicity. Excentric cleavage unquestionably occurs in plants and some microorganisms and might occur in mammals. Thus far, however, carotenoid dioxygenase with excentric bond specificity has been identified in mammals, the yield of beta-apo-carotenals from beta-carotene in vivo and in vitro is very low, and beta-apo-carotenals are formed nonbiologically from beta-carotene.

    PMID:2643691 Olson JA; J Nutr 119 (1): 105-8 (1989)

    The carotenes are not converted to retinol very rapidly, so that overdoses of the carotenes do not cause vitamin A toxicity. /Carotenes/

    Shoden & Griffin; Fundamentals of Clinical Nutrition: 77 (1980)

    5.6 Biological Half-Life

    The apparent half-life of beta-carotene is of 6-11 days after initial administration.

    5.7 Mechanism of Action

    Beta-carotene is an antioxidant that presents significant efficacy against the reactive oxygen species singlet oxygen. Beta-carotene acts as a scavenger of lipophilic radicals within the membranes of every cell compartments. It also presents an oxidative modification of LDL. The presence of long chains of conjugated double bonds is responsible for its antioxidative properties by allowing beta-carotene to chelate oxygen-free radicals and dissipate their energy. The chelation of free radicals inhibits the peroxidation of lipids. The effect of beta-carotene in the immune response is thought to be related to the direct effect on the thymus which increases the production of immune cells.

    IN HEMATOPORPHYRIN PHOTOSENSITIZED MICE BETA-CAROTENE SHOWED PHOTOPROTECTION WAS DUE TO FREE RADICAL SCAVENGING OR SINGLET O QUENCHING BUT ALSO A POSSIBLE ROLE OF 400 NM LIGHT ABSORPTION, A PROPERTY OF BETA-CAROTENE.

    PMID:839088 MOSHELL AN, BJORNSON L; J INVEST DERMATOL 68 (3): 157 (1977)

    Beta carotene protects patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria against severe photosensitivity reactions (burning sensation, edema, erythema, pruritus, and/or cutaneous lesions). The drug has no effect on the basic biochemical abnormality of erythropoietic protoporphyria (eg, erythrocyte, plasma, and stool concentrations of protoporphyrins are not altered by the drug). The precise mechanism by which the drug exerts photoprotection has not been established. There is some evidence that photosensitizers may act through the formation of singlet excited oxygen and/or free radicals. Since in vitro studies indicate that beta carotene can quench free radicals and singlet excited oxygen, this may be the mechanism by which the drug acts. It is unlikely that beta carotene acts simply as a filter for the wavelengths of light that induce phototoxic effects.

    McEvoy, G.K. (ed.). American Hospital Formulary Service. AHFS Drug Information. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Bethesda, MD. 2006., p. 3556

    beta-Carotene inhibits UV-B carcinogenesis. beta-Carotene is an excellent quencher of singlet oxygen, and can quench free radicals. beta-Carotene has been shown to quench singlet oxygen/free radical reactions in the skin of porphyric mice, and has been found to quench excited species formed on irradiation of mouse skin by UV-B.

    PMID:1881965 Black HS, Mathews-Roth MM; Photochem Photobiol 53 (5): 707-16 (1991)

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    ABOUT THIS PAGE

    Looking for 7235-40-7 / Beta Carotene API manufacturers, exporters & distributors?

    Beta Carotene manufacturers, exporters & distributors 1

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    PharmaCompass offers a list of Beta Carotene API manufacturers, exporters & distributors, which can be sorted by GMP, USDMF, JDMF, KDMF, CEP (COS), WC, Price,and more, enabling you to easily find the right Beta Carotene manufacturer or Beta Carotene supplier for your needs.

    Send us enquiries for free, and we will assist you in establishing a direct connection with your preferred Beta Carotene manufacturer or Beta Carotene supplier.

    PharmaCompass also assists you with knowing the Beta Carotene API Price utilized in the formulation of products. Beta Carotene API Price is not always fixed or binding as the Beta Carotene Price is obtained through a variety of data sources. The Beta Carotene Price can also vary due to multiple factors, including market conditions, regulatory modifications, or negotiated pricing deals.

    API | Excipient name

    Beta Carotene

    Synonyms

    7235-40-7, Beta,beta-carotene, Betacarotene, Solatene, Provitamin a, Carotaben

    Cas Number

    7235-40-7

    Unique Ingredient Identifier (UNII)

    01YAE03M7J

    About Beta Carotene

    A carotenoid that is a precursor of VITAMIN A. Beta carotene is administered to reduce the severity of photosensitivity reactions in patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria (PORPHYRIA, ERYTHROPOIETIC).

    Beta Carotene Manufacturers

    A Beta Carotene manufacturer is defined as any person or entity involved in the manufacture, preparation, processing, compounding or propagation of Beta Carotene, including repackagers and relabelers. The FDA regulates Beta Carotene manufacturers to ensure that their products comply with relevant laws and regulations and are safe and effective to use. Beta Carotene API Manufacturers are required to adhere to Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) to ensure that their products are consistently manufactured to meet established quality criteria.

    click here to find a list of Beta Carotene manufacturers with USDMF, JDMF, KDMF, CEP, GMP, COA and API Price related information on PhamaCompass.

    Beta Carotene Suppliers

    A Beta Carotene supplier is an individual or a company that provides Beta Carotene active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) or Beta Carotene finished formulations upon request. The Beta Carotene suppliers may include Beta Carotene API manufacturers, exporters, distributors and traders.

    click here to find a list of Beta Carotene suppliers with USDMF, JDMF, KDMF, CEP, GMP, COA and API Price related information on PharmaCompass.

    Beta Carotene USDMF

    A Beta Carotene DMF (Drug Master File) is a document detailing the whole manufacturing process of Beta Carotene active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) in detail. Different forms of Beta Carotene DMFs exist exist since differing nations have different regulations, such as Beta Carotene USDMF, ASMF (EDMF), JDMF, CDMF, etc.

    A Beta Carotene DMF submitted to regulatory agencies in the US is known as a USDMF. Beta Carotene USDMF includes data on Beta Carotene's chemical properties, information on the facilities and procedures used, and details about packaging and storage. The Beta Carotene USDMF is kept confidential to protect the manufacturer’s intellectual property.

    click here to find a list of Beta Carotene suppliers with USDMF on PharmaCompass.

    Beta Carotene CEP

    A Beta Carotene CEP of the European Pharmacopoeia monograph is often referred to as a Beta Carotene Certificate of Suitability (COS). The purpose of a Beta Carotene CEP is to show that the European Pharmacopoeia monograph adequately controls the purity of Beta Carotene EP produced by a given manufacturer. Suppliers of raw materials can prove the suitability of Beta Carotene to their clients by showing that a Beta Carotene CEP has been issued for it. The manufacturer submits a Beta Carotene CEP (COS) as part of the market authorization procedure, and it takes on the role of a Beta Carotene CEP holder for the record. Additionally, the data presented in the Beta Carotene CEP (COS) is managed confidentially and offers a centralized system acknowledged by numerous nations, exactly like the Beta Carotene DMF.

    A Beta Carotene CEP (COS) is recognised by all 36 nations that make up the European Pharmacopoeia Convention. Beta Carotene CEPs may be accepted in nations that are not members of the Ph. Eur. at the discretion of the authorities there.

    click here to find a list of Beta Carotene suppliers with CEP (COS) on PharmaCompass.

    Beta Carotene GMP

    Beta Carotene Active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) is produced in GMP-certified manufacturing facility.

    GMP stands for Good Manufacturing Practices, which is a system used in the pharmaceutical industry to make sure that goods are regularly produced and monitored in accordance with quality standards. The FDA’s current Good Manufacturing Practices requirements are referred to as cGMP or current GMP which indicates that the company follows the most recent GMP specifications. The World Health Organization (WHO) has its own set of GMP guidelines, called the WHO GMP. Different countries can also set their own guidelines for GMP like China (Chinese GMP) or the EU (EU GMP).

    PharmaCompass offers a list of Beta Carotene GMP manufacturers, exporters & distributors, which can be sorted by USDMF, JDMF, KDMF, CEP (COS), WC, API price, and more, enabling you to easily find the right Beta Carotene GMP manufacturer or Beta Carotene GMP API supplier for your needs.

    Beta Carotene CoA

    A Beta Carotene CoA (Certificate of Analysis) is a formal document that attests to Beta Carotene's compliance with Beta Carotene specifications and serves as a tool for batch-level quality control.

    Beta Carotene CoA mostly includes findings from lab analyses of a specific batch. For each Beta Carotene CoA document that a company creates, the USFDA specifies specific requirements, such as supplier information, material identification, transportation data, evidence of conformity and signature data.

    Beta Carotene may be tested according to a variety of international standards, such as European Pharmacopoeia (Beta Carotene EP), Beta Carotene JP (Japanese Pharmacopeia) and the US Pharmacopoeia (Beta Carotene USP).

    Inform the supplier about your product requirements, specifying if you need a product with particular monograph like EP (Ph. Eur.), USP, JP, BP, or any other quality. In addition, clarify whether you need hydrochloride (HCl), anhydricum, base, micronisatum or a specific level of purity. To find reputable suppliers, utilize the filters and select those certified by GMP, FDA, or any other certification as per your requirement.
    For your convenience, we have listed synonyms and CAS numbers to help you find the best supplier. The use of synonyms and CAS numbers can be helpful in identifying potential suppliers, but it is crucial to note that they might not always indicate the exact same product. It is important to confirm the product details with the supplier before making a purchase to ensure that it meets your requirements.
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