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Chemistry

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Also known as: 15307-86-5, Diclofenac acid, Dichlofenac, Diclofenacum, Diclophenac, 2-(2-((2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino)phenyl)acetic acid
Molecular Formula
C14H11Cl2NO2
Molecular Weight
296.1  g/mol
InChI Key
DCOPUUMXTXDBNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N
FDA UNII
144O8QL0L1

Diclofenac
A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt.
Diclofenac is a Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drug. The mechanism of action of diclofenac is as a Cyclooxygenase Inhibitor. The physiologic effect of diclofenac is by means of Decreased Prostaglandin Production.
1 2D Structure

Diclofenac

2 Identification
2.1 Computed Descriptors
2.1.1 IUPAC Name
2-[2-(2,6-dichloroanilino)phenyl]acetic acid
2.1.2 InChI
InChI=1S/C14H11Cl2NO2/c15-10-5-3-6-11(16)14(10)17-12-7-2-1-4-9(12)8-13(18)19/h1-7,17H,8H2,(H,18,19)
2.1.3 InChI Key
DCOPUUMXTXDBNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N
2.1.4 Canonical SMILES
C1=CC=C(C(=C1)CC(=O)O)NC2=C(C=CC=C2Cl)Cl
2.2 Other Identifiers
2.2.1 UNII
144O8QL0L1
2.3 Synonyms
2.3.1 MeSH Synonyms

1. Dichlofenal

2. Diclofenac Potassium

3. Diclofenac Sodium

4. Diclofenac, Sodium

5. Diclonate P

6. Diclophenac

7. Dicrofenac

8. Feloran

9. Gp 45,840

10. Gp-45,840

11. Gp45,840

12. Novapirina

13. Orthofen

14. Orthophen

15. Ortofen

16. Sodium Diclofenac

17. Sr 38

18. Sr-38

19. Sr38

20. Voltaren

21. Voltarol

2.3.2 Depositor-Supplied Synonyms

1. 15307-86-5

2. Diclofenac Acid

3. Dichlofenac

4. Diclofenacum

5. Diclophenac

6. 2-(2-((2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino)phenyl)acetic Acid

7. Diclofenaco

8. Diclofenac Resinate

9. Voltarol

10. 2-(2,6-dichloroanilino)phenylacetic Acid

11. 2-[2-(2,6-dichloroanilino)phenyl]acetic Acid

12. Benzeneacetic Acid, 2-[(2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino]-

13. Diclofenac Free Acid

14. 2-{2-[(2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino]phenyl}acetic Acid

15. 2-((2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino)benzeneacetic Acid

16. Solaraze

17. {2-[(2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino]phenyl}acetic Acid

18. Chebi:47381

19. Voltaren-xr

20. Benzeneacetic Acid, 2-((2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino)-

21. [2-(2,6-dichloroanilino)phenyl]acetic Acid

22. 2-[(2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino]benzeneacetic Acid

23. Chembl139

24. 2-[2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino]benzeneacetic Acid

25. Acetic Acid, (o-(2,6-dichloroanilino)phenyl)-

26. 144o8ql0l1

27. Las41007

28. Arthrotec

29. 15307-86-5 (free)

30. Prosorb-d

31. Olfen

32. Las-41007

33. Mfcd00056694

34. Solaraze (tn)

35. 2-[(2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino]-benzeneacetic Acid

36. Enfenamic Acid; N-phenethylanthranilic Acid; Rh 8

37. 2-[2-[(2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino]phenyl]acetic Acid

38. Zorovolex

39. Zorvolex

40. 2-[2-[(2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino]phenyl]acetic Acid (diclofenac)

41. Diclofenamic Acid

42. Diclofenacum [inn-latin]

43. Diclofenaco [inn-spanish]

44. Dif

45. Hsdb 7234

46. Einecs 239-348-5

47. (2-((2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino-phenyl)acetic Acid (hd)

48. Brn 2146636

49. (2-((2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino)phenyl)acetic Acid

50. Diclofenac [usan:inn:ban]

51. Unii-144o8ql0l1

52. Isv-205

53. Zorvolex (tn)

54. Spectrum_000930

55. Diclofenac [mi]

56. Diclofenac [inn]

57. 128402-48-2

58. Diclofenac (usan/inn)

59. Prestwick0_000594

60. Prestwick1_000594

61. Prestwick2_000594

62. Prestwick3_000594

63. Spectrum2_000991

64. Spectrum3_000385

65. Spectrum4_000506

66. Spectrum5_000867

67. Diclofenac [hsdb]

68. Diclofenac [usan]

69. Diclofenac [vandf]

70. Epitope Id:116873

71. Ec 239-348-5

72. Diclofenac [mart.]

73. Schembl2799

74. Diclofenac [who-dd]

75. Lopac0_000441

76. Oprea1_011155

77. Bspbio_000468

78. Bspbio_002169

79. Kbiogr_001051

80. Kbiogr_002306

81. Kbioss_001410

82. Kbioss_002308

83. Mls006011795

84. Bidd:gt0380

85. Divk1c_000272

86. Divk1c_000402

87. 2-[2-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)aminophenyl]ethanoic Acid

88. Spbio_001081

89. Spbio_002687

90. Bpbio1_000516

91. Gtpl2714

92. Zinc1281

93. Diclofenac [orange Book]

94. Dtxsid6022923

95. Bdbm13066

96. Hms501e04

97. Kbio1_000272

98. Kbio1_000402

99. Kbio2_001410

100. Kbio2_002306

101. Kbio2_003978

102. Kbio2_004874

103. Kbio2_006546

104. Kbio2_007442

105. Kbio3_001389

106. Kbio3_002786

107. 2b17

108. Cmap_000014

109. Ninds_000272

110. Ninds_000402

111. Hms2090c10

112. Hms3886f09

113. Bcp09087

114. Bcp13860

115. S6073

116. Stk984493

117. Akos001579542

118. Db00586

119. Ks-1258

120. Idi1_000272

121. Idi1_000402

122. Ncgc00021125-01

123. Ncgc00021125-02

124. Ncgc00021125-11

125. Ac-27673

126. Hy-15036

127. O-(2,6-dichloroanilino)phenylacetic Acid

128. Smr001550371

129. Sy038623

130. Sbi-0051341.p003

131. Diclofenac 1000 Microg/ml In Acetonitrile

132. Aceclofenac Impurity A [ep Impurity]

133. D3748

134. Ft-0624731

135. Ft-0666643

136. Unm000001216103

137. [2-(2,6-dichloroanilino)phenyl]acetic Acid #

138. C01690

139. D07816

140. H10425

141. [o-(2,6-dichloro-anilino)-phenyl]-acetic Acid

142. 2-[(2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino]phenylacetic Acid

143. 2-[2-(2,6-dichloroanilino)phenyl]acetic Acid.

144. Ab01275502-01

145. Ab01275502_02

146. 056d694

147. 2-(2-(2,6-dichlorophenylamino)phenyl)acetic Acid

148. 2-[(2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino]-phenyl-acetic Acid

149. Q244408

150. (o-(2,6-dichloroanilino)phenyl)acetic Acid

151. [2-(2,6-dichloro-phenylamino)-phenyl]-acetic Acid

152. 2-[(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-amino]-benzeneacetic Acid

153. 2-[(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-amino]-phenyl-acetic Acid

154. 2-[2-(2,6-dichlorophenylamino)phenyl]-acetic Acid

155. Sr-01000003041-3

156. 2-[2-(2,6-dichlorophenylamino)-phenyl]-acetic Acid

157. Brd-k08252256-236-05-6

158. Brd-k08252256-236-17-1

159. Z57664869

160. F0722-0745

2.4 Create Date
2005-03-25
3 Chemical and Physical Properties
Molecular Weight 296.1 g/mol
Molecular Formula C14H11Cl2NO2
XLogP34.4
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count2
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count3
Rotatable Bond Count4
Exact Mass295.0166840 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass295.0166840 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area49.3 Ų
Heavy Atom Count19
Formal Charge0
Complexity304
Isotope Atom Count0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count0
Covalently Bonded Unit Count1
4 Drug and Medication Information
4.1 Drug Information
1 of 10  
Drug NameCataflam
PubMed HealthDiclofenac
Drug ClassesAnalgesic, Anti-Inflammatory, Antimigraine, Antirheumatic, Central Nervous System Agent, Musculoskeletal Agent, Ophthalmologic Agent
Drug LabelCataflam (diclofenac potassium immediate-release tablets) is a benzeneacetic acid derivative. Cataflam is available as immediate-release tablets of 50 mg (light brown) for oral administration. The chemical name is 2-[(2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino] benz...
Active IngredientDiclofenac potassium
Dosage FormTablet
RouteOral
Strength50mg
Market StatusPrescription
CompanyNovartis

2 of 10  
Drug NamePennsaid
PubMed HealthDiclofenac
Drug ClassesAnalgesic, Anti-Inflammatory, Antimigraine, Antirheumatic, Central Nervous System Agent, Musculoskeletal Agent, Ophthalmologic Agent
Drug LabelPENNSAID is a clear, colorless to faintly pink-orange solution for topical application.PENNSAID contains 1.5% w/w diclofenac sodium, a benzeneacetic acid derivative that is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), designated chemically as 2-[(2...
Active IngredientDiclofenac sodium
Dosage FormSolution
RouteTopical
Strength1.5%; 2%
Market StatusPrescription
CompanyMallinckrodt

3 of 10  
Drug NameSolaraze
PubMed HealthDiclofenac
Drug ClassesAnalgesic, Anti-Inflammatory, Antimigraine, Antirheumatic, Central Nervous System Agent, Musculoskeletal Agent, Ophthalmologic Agent
Drug LabelSolaraze (diclofenac sodium) Gel, 3%, contains the active ingredient, diclofenac sodium, in a clear, transparent, colorless to slightly yellow gel base. Diclofenac sodium is a white to slightly yellow crystalline powder. It is freely soluble in met...
Active IngredientDiclofenac sodium
Dosage FormGel
RouteTopical
Strength3%
Market StatusPrescription
CompanyFougera Pharms

4 of 10  
Drug NameVoltaren
PubMed HealthDiclofenac
Drug ClassesAnalgesic, Anti-Inflammatory, Antimigraine, Antirheumatic, Central Nervous System Agent, Musculoskeletal Agent, Ophthalmologic Agent
Drug LabelVoltaren Gel (diclofenac sodium topical gel) is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) for topicaluse only. It contains the active ingredient, diclofenac sodium, in an opaque, white gel base. Diclofenacsodium is a white to slightly yello...
Active IngredientDiclofenac sodium
Dosage FormSolution/drops; Gel
RouteOphthalmic; Topical
Strength1%; 0.1%
Market StatusPrescription
CompanyNovartis

5 of 10  
Drug NameVoltaren-xr
PubMed HealthDiclofenac (By mouth)
Drug ClassesAnalgesic, Antimigraine, Antirheumatic, Central Nervous System Agent, Musculoskeletal Agent
Drug LabelVoltaren-XR (diclofenac sodium extended-release) tablets, USPis a benzeneacetic acid derivative. Voltaren-XR is available as extended-release tablets of 100 mg (light pink) for oral administration. The chemical name is 2-[(2,6-dichlorophenyl)amin...
Active IngredientDiclofenac sodium
Dosage FormTablet, extended release
RouteOral
Strength100mg
Market StatusPrescription
CompanyNovartis

6 of 10  
Drug NameCataflam
PubMed HealthDiclofenac
Drug ClassesAnalgesic, Anti-Inflammatory, Antimigraine, Antirheumatic, Central Nervous System Agent, Musculoskeletal Agent, Ophthalmologic Agent
Drug LabelCataflam (diclofenac potassium immediate-release tablets) is a benzeneacetic acid derivative. Cataflam is available as immediate-release tablets of 50 mg (light brown) for oral administration. The chemical name is 2-[(2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino] benz...
Active IngredientDiclofenac potassium
Dosage FormTablet
RouteOral
Strength50mg
Market StatusPrescription
CompanyNovartis

7 of 10  
Drug NamePennsaid
PubMed HealthDiclofenac
Drug ClassesAnalgesic, Anti-Inflammatory, Antimigraine, Antirheumatic, Central Nervous System Agent, Musculoskeletal Agent, Ophthalmologic Agent
Drug LabelPENNSAID is a clear, colorless to faintly pink-orange solution for topical application.PENNSAID contains 1.5% w/w diclofenac sodium, a benzeneacetic acid derivative that is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), designated chemically as 2-[(2...
Active IngredientDiclofenac sodium
Dosage FormSolution
RouteTopical
Strength1.5%; 2%
Market StatusPrescription
CompanyMallinckrodt

8 of 10  
Drug NameSolaraze
PubMed HealthDiclofenac
Drug ClassesAnalgesic, Anti-Inflammatory, Antimigraine, Antirheumatic, Central Nervous System Agent, Musculoskeletal Agent, Ophthalmologic Agent
Drug LabelSolaraze (diclofenac sodium) Gel, 3%, contains the active ingredient, diclofenac sodium, in a clear, transparent, colorless to slightly yellow gel base. Diclofenac sodium is a white to slightly yellow crystalline powder. It is freely soluble in met...
Active IngredientDiclofenac sodium
Dosage FormGel
RouteTopical
Strength3%
Market StatusPrescription
CompanyFougera Pharms

9 of 10  
Drug NameVoltaren
PubMed HealthDiclofenac
Drug ClassesAnalgesic, Anti-Inflammatory, Antimigraine, Antirheumatic, Central Nervous System Agent, Musculoskeletal Agent, Ophthalmologic Agent
Drug LabelVoltaren Gel (diclofenac sodium topical gel) is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) for topicaluse only. It contains the active ingredient, diclofenac sodium, in an opaque, white gel base. Diclofenacsodium is a white to slightly yello...
Active IngredientDiclofenac sodium
Dosage FormSolution/drops; Gel
RouteOphthalmic; Topical
Strength1%; 0.1%
Market StatusPrescription
CompanyNovartis

10 of 10  
Drug NameVoltaren-xr
PubMed HealthDiclofenac (By mouth)
Drug ClassesAnalgesic, Antimigraine, Antirheumatic, Central Nervous System Agent, Musculoskeletal Agent
Drug LabelVoltaren-XR (diclofenac sodium extended-release) tablets, USPis a benzeneacetic acid derivative. Voltaren-XR is available as extended-release tablets of 100 mg (light pink) for oral administration. The chemical name is 2-[(2,6-dichlorophenyl)amin...
Active IngredientDiclofenac sodium
Dosage FormTablet, extended release
RouteOral
Strength100mg
Market StatusPrescription
CompanyNovartis

4.2 Therapeutic Uses

Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors

National Library of Medicine's Medical Subject Headings online file (MeSH, 2011)


Diclofenac sodium also is used topically as an ophthalmic solution for the treatment of postoperative ocular inflammation in patients undergoing cataract extraction. /Diclofenac sodium; Included in US product labeling/

American Society of Health-System Pharmacists 2011; Drug Information 2011. Bethesda, MD. 2011, p. 2108


Oral diclofenac sodium has been used for its antipyretic effect in the management of fever, usually associated with infection. In one study, the antipyretic effect of usual dosages of diclofenac sodium as delayed-release (enteric-coated) tablets was about equal to that of usual dosages of aspirin. The drug, however, should not be used routinely as an antipyretic because of its potential adverse effects. /Diclofenac sodium; NOT included in US product labeling/

American Society of Health-System Pharmacists 2011; Drug Information 2011. Bethesda, MD. 2011, p. 2108


Diclofenac sodium as delayed-release (enteric-coated) tablets also has been used for the symptomatic relief of dysmenorrhea. /Diclofenac sodium; NOT included in US product labeling/

American Society of Health-System Pharmacists 2011; Drug Information 2011. Bethesda, MD. 2011, p. 2108


For more Therapeutic Uses (Complete) data for DICLOFENAC (22 total), please visit the HSDB record page.


4.3 Drug Warning

Pregnancy risk category: B /NO EVIDENCE OF RISK IN HUMANS. Adequate, well controlled studies in pregnant women have not shown increased risk of fetal abnormalities despite adverse findings in animals, or, in the absence of adequate human studies, animal studies show no fetal risk. The chance of fetal harm is remote but remains a possibility./

American Society of Health-System Pharmacists 2011; Drug Information 2011. Bethesda, MD. 2011, p. 3567


Not recommended for patients with blood dyscrasias (or history of) or bone marrow depression.

Thomson.Micromedex. Drug Information for the Health Care Professional. 24th ed. Volume 1. Plus Updates. Content Reviewed by the United States Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc. Greenwood Village, CO. 2004., p. 390


Diclofenac sodium in fixed combination with misoprostol is contraindicated in women who are pregnant because misoprostol exhibits abortifacient activity and can cause serious fetal harm. In addition, it is recommended that diclofenac in fixed combination with misoprostol be used in women of childbearing potential only if they require nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAIA) therapy and are considered at high risk of complications resulting from NSAIA-induced gastric or duodenal ulceration or at high risk of developing gastric or duodenal ulceration. /Diclofenac sodium/

American Society of Health-System Pharmacists 2011; Drug Information 2011. Bethesda, MD. 2011, p. 2111


Caution with diclofenac sodium-containing dosage forms in patients who must restrict their sodium intake.

Thomson.Micromedex. Drug Information for the Health Care Professional. 24th ed. Volume 1. Plus Updates. Content Reviewed by the United States Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc. Greenwood Village, CO. 2004., p. 390


For more Drug Warnings (Complete) data for DICLOFENAC (24 total), please visit the HSDB record page.


4.4 Drug Indication

Diclofenac is indicated for use in the treatment of pain and inflammation from varying sources including inflammatory conditions such as osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and akylosing spondylitis, as well as injury-related inflammation due to surgery and physical trauma. It is often used in combination with [misoprostol] as a gastro-protective agent in patients with high risk of developing NSAID-induced ulcers.


FDA Label


5 Pharmacology and Biochemistry
5.1 Pharmacology

Diclofenac reduces inflammation and by extension reduces nociceptive pain and combats fever. It also increases the risk of developing a gastrointestinal ulcer by inhibiting the production of protective mucus in the stomach.


5.2 MeSH Pharmacological Classification

Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal

Anti-inflammatory agents that are non-steroidal in nature. In addition to anti-inflammatory actions, they have analgesic, antipyretic, and platelet-inhibitory actions. They act by blocking the synthesis of prostaglandins by inhibiting cyclooxygenase, which converts arachidonic acid to cyclic endoperoxides, precursors of prostaglandins. Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis accounts for their analgesic, antipyretic, and platelet-inhibitory actions; other mechanisms may contribute to their anti-inflammatory effects. (See all compounds classified as Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal.)


Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors

Compounds or agents that combine with cyclooxygenase (PROSTAGLANDIN-ENDOPEROXIDE SYNTHASES) and thereby prevent its substrate-enzyme combination with arachidonic acid and the formation of eicosanoids, prostaglandins, and thromboxanes. (See all compounds classified as Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors.)


5.3 FDA Pharmacological Classification
5.3.1 Active Moiety
DICLOFENAC
5.3.2 FDA UNII
144O8QL0L1
5.3.3 Pharmacological Classes
Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors [MoA]; Decreased Prostaglandin Production [PE]; Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drug [EPC]; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal [CS]
5.4 ATC Code

M01AB05

S76 | LUXPHARMA | Pharmaceuticals Marketed in Luxembourg | Pharmaceuticals marketed in Luxembourg, as published by d'Gesondheetskeess (CNS, la caisse nationale de sante, www.cns.lu), mapped by name to structures using CompTox by R. Singh et al. (in prep.). List downloaded from https://cns.public.lu/en/legislations/textes-coordonnes/liste-med-comm.html. Dataset DOI:10.5281/zenodo.4587355


M01AB05

S66 | EAWAGTPS | Parent-Transformation Product Pairs from Eawag | DOI:10.5281/zenodo.3754448


M01AB05

S66 | EAWAGTPS | Parent-Transformation Product Pairs from Eawag | DOI:10.5281/zenodo.3754448


M01AB05

S66 | EAWAGTPS | Parent-Transformation Product Pairs from Eawag | DOI:10.5281/zenodo.3754448


M01AB05

S66 | EAWAGTPS | Parent-Transformation Product Pairs from Eawag | DOI:10.5281/zenodo.3754448


D - Dermatologicals

D11 - Other dermatological preparations

D11A - Other dermatological preparations

D11AX - Other dermatologicals

D11AX18 - Diclofenac


M - Musculo-skeletal system

M01 - Antiinflammatory and antirheumatic products

M01A - Antiinflammatory and antirheumatic products, non-steroids

M01AB - Acetic acid derivatives and related substances

M01AB05 - Diclofenac


M - Musculo-skeletal system

M02 - Topical products for joint and muscular pain

M02A - Topical products for joint and muscular pain

M02AA - Antiinflammatory preparations, non-steroids for topical use

M02AA15 - Diclofenac


S - Sensory organs

S01 - Ophthalmologicals

S01B - Antiinflammatory agents

S01BC - Antiinflammatory agents, non-steroids

S01BC03 - Diclofenac


5.5 Absorption, Distribution and Excretion

Absorption

Diclofenac is completely absorbed from the GI tract but likely undergoes significant first pass metabolism with only 60% of the drug reaching systemic circulation unchanged. Many topical formulations are absorbed percutaneous and produce clinically significant plasma concentrations. Absorption is dose proportional over the range of 25-150 mg. Tmax varies between formulations with the oral solution reaching peak plasma concentrations in 10-40min, the enteric coated tablet in 1.5-2h, and the sustained- and extended-release formulations prolonging Tmax even further. Administration with food has no significant effects on AUC but does delay Tmax to 2.5-12h.


Route of Elimination

Diclofenac is mainly eliminated via metabolism. Of the total dose, 60-70% is eliminated in the urine and 30% is eliminated in the feces. No significant enterohepatic recycling occurs.


Volume of Distribution

Diclofenac has a total volume of distribution of 5-10 L or 0.1-0.2 L/kg. The volume of the central compartment is 0.04 L/kg. Diclofenac distributes to the synovial fluid reaching peak concentration 2-4h after administration. There is limited crossing of the blood brain barrier and cerebrospinal fluid concentrations only reach 8.22% of plasma concentrations. Doses of 50 mg delivered via intramuscular injection produced no detectable diclofenac concentrations in breast milk, however metabolite concentrations were not investigated. Diclofenac has been shown to cross the placenta in mice and rats but human data is unavailable.


Clearance

Diclofenac has a plasma clearance 16 L/h.


Onset of absorption is delayed when diclofenac sodium is administered orally as delayed-release (enteric-coated) tablets, but the extent of absorption does not appear to be affected. /Diclofenac sodium/

American Society of Health-System Pharmacists 2011; Drug Information 2011. Bethesda, MD. 2011, p. 2113


Measurable plasma concentrations of diclofenac have been observed in some fasting individuals within 10 minutes of receiving diclofenac potassium conventional tablets. /Diclofenac potassium/

American Society of Health-System Pharmacists 2011; Drug Information 2011. Bethesda, MD. 2011, p. 2113


Diclofenac sodium and diclofenac potassium are almost completely absorbed from the GI tract; however, the drugs undergo extensive first-pass metabolism in the liver, with only about 50-60% of a dose of diclofenac sodium or diclofenac potassium reaching systemic circulation as unchanged drug. Diclofenac also is absorbed into systemic circulation following rectal administration and percutaneously following topical application to the skin as a gel or transdermal system.

American Society of Health-System Pharmacists 2011; Drug Information 2011. Bethesda, MD. 2011, p. 2113


Food decreases the rate of absorption of conventional tablets of diclofenac potassium and of delayed-release (enteric-coated) tablets of diclofenac sodium, resulting in delayed and decreased peak plasma concentrations; however, the extent of absorption is not affected substantially. When diclofenac potassium conventional tablets are administered with food, time to achieve peak plasma concentrations of the drug is increased and peak plasma concentrations of the drug are decreased by approximately 30%. When single doses of diclofenac sodium delayed-release (enteric-coated) tablets are taken with food, the onset of absorption usually is delayed by 1-4.5 hours but may be delayed up to 12 hours in some patients. These food-induced alterations in GI absorption of the drug result from delayed transit of the delayed-release (enteric-coated) tablets to the small intestine, the site of dissolution. When diclofenac sodium extended-release tablets are taken with food, onset of absorption is delayed 1-2 hours and peak plasma concentrations are increased two-fold; however, extent of absorption is not substantially affected. Absorption of diclofenac does not appear to be affected substantially by the presence of food following continuous dosing of the drug. Antacids also may decrease the rate but not the extent of absorption of diclofenac.

American Society of Health-System Pharmacists 2011; Drug Information 2011. Bethesda, MD. 2011, p. 2113


For more Absorption, Distribution and Excretion (Complete) data for DICLOFENAC (11 total), please visit the HSDB record page.


5.6 Metabolism/Metabolites

Diclofenac undergoes oxidative metabolism to hydroxy metabolites as well as conjugation to glucuronic acid, sulfate, and taurine. The primary metabolite is 4'-hydroxy diclofenac which is generated by CYP2C9. This metabolite is very weakly active with one thirtieth the activity of diclofenac. Other metabolites include 3'-hydroxy diclofenac, 3'-hydroxy-4'methoxy diclofenac, 4',5-dihydroxy diclofenac, an acylglucuronide conjugate, and other conjugate metabolites.


The extent of metabolism of diclofenac sodium in excised viable human skin was investigated using combination HPLC and radioactivity assay. In an earlier diffusion experiment using an in vitro flow-through diffusion system, radiolabelled diclofenac sodium in either lotion (Pennsaid) or aqueous solution was applied to viable human skin, either as single dose or multiple dose (8 times over 2 days). In this study, the receptor fluid samples from the diffusion experiment were subjected to extraction and the aliquot was analysed using HPLC to separate diclofenac and authentic metabolites. Based on the radioactivity of each HPLC fraction, the collection time of the fractions was compared with the retention time of diclofenac and metabolites in standard solutions. The samples from a single or multiple dose application of lotion showed radioactivity in mainly one fraction, whose retention time corresponded with diclofenac. Other HPLC fractions showed none or only small amounts of radioactivity within the error range of the assay. The same results were obtained with the pooled samples from the application of the lotion or of aqueous solution. The results suggest that diclofenac sodium does not undergo metabolism in viable human epidermis during percutaneous absorption in vitro. Hence, with topical application to human skin in vivo, diclofenac will be delivered with minimal, if any, metabolism. /Diclofenac sodium/

PMID:10892898 Tanojo H et al; Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 24 (4): 345-51 (1999)


In humans, metabolism of the commonly used nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug diclofenac /compound/ 1 yields principally the 4'-hydroxy /compound/ 2, 5-hydroxy /compound/ 3, and acyl glucuronide /compound/ 4 metabolites. All three metabolites have been implicated in rare idiosyncratic adverse reactions associated with this widely used drug. Therefore, for mechanistic toxicological studies of /compound/ 1, substantial quantities of 2-4 are required and their syntheses and characterization are described here. Key steps were a convenient two-step preparation of aniline /compound/ 5 from phenol, efficient and selective 6-iodination of amide /compound/ 18, and high-yielding Ullmann couplings to generate diarylamines /compound/ 11 and /compound/ 21. The acyl glucuronide /compound/ 4 was obtained by Mitsunobu reaction of /compound/ 1 (free acid) with allyl glucuronate /compound/ 23 followed by Pd(0) deprotection, using a modification of a published procedure. /Investigators/ report full characterization of /compound/ 4 ... /Investigators/ report also the metabolic fates of the synthetic metabolites: /compound/ 2 and /compound/ 3 were glucuronidated in rats, but only /compound/ 3 formed glutathione adducts in vivo and by enzymatic synthesis via a quinoneimine intermediate. A previously undescribed glutathione adduct of /compound/ 3 was obtained by enzymatic synthesis. Compound /compound/ 4 formed an imine-linked protein conjugate as evinced by sodium cyanoborohydride trapping.

Kenny JR et al; J Med Chem 47 (11): 2816-25 (2004)


Diclofenac is eliminated predominantly (approximately 50%) as its 4'-hydroxylated metabolite in humans, whereas the acyl glucuronide (AG) pathway appears more important in rats (approximately 50%) and dogs (>80-90%). However, previous studies of diclofenac oxidative metabolism in human liver microsomes (HLMs) have yielded pronounced underprediction of human in vivo clearance. We determined the relative quantitative importance of 4'-hydroxy and AG pathways of diclofenac metabolism in rat, dog, and human liver microsomes. Microsomal intrinsic clearance values (CL(int) = V(max)/K(m)) were determined and used to extrapolate the in vivo blood clearance of diclofenac in these species. Clearance of diclofenac was accurately predicted from microsomal data only when both the AG and the 4'-hydroxy pathways were considered. However, the fact that the AG pathway in HLMs accounted for ~75% of the estimated hepatic CL(int) of diclofenac is apparently inconsistent with the 4'-hydroxy diclofenac excretion data in humans. Interestingly, upon incubation with HLMs, significant oxidative metabolism of diclofenac AG, directly to 4'-hydroxy diclofenac AG, was observed. The estimated hepatic CL(int) of this pathway suggested that a significant fraction of the intrahepatically formed diclofenac AG may be converted to its 4'-hydroxy derivative in vivo. Further experiments indicated that this novel oxidative reaction was catalyzed by CYP2C8, as opposed to CYP2C9-catalyzed 4'-hydroxylation of diclofenac. These findings may have general implications in the use of total (free + conjugated) oxidative metabolite excretion for determining primary routes of drug clearance and may question the utility of diclofenac as a probe for phenotyping human CYP2C9 activity in vivo via measurement of its pharmacokinetics and total 4'-hydroxy diclofenac urinary excretion.

PMID:12438516 Kumar S et al; J Pharmacol Exp Ther 303 (3): 969-78 (2002)


The metabolism of (14)C-diclofenac in mice was investigated following a single oral dose of 10 mg/kg. The majority of the drug-related material was excreted in the urine within 24 hr of administration (49.7%). Liquid chromatographic analysis of urine and fecal extracts revealed extensive metabolism to at least 37 components, with little unchanged diclofenac excreted. Metabolites were identified using a hybrid linear ion-trap mass spectrometer via exact mass determinations of molecular ions and subsequent multi-stage fragmentation. The major routes of metabolism identified included: 1) conjugation with taurine; and 2) hydroxylation (probably at the 4'-and 5-arene positions) followed by conjugation to taurine, glucuronic acid or glucose. Ether, rather than acyl glucuronidation, predominated. There was no evidence for p-benzoquinone-imine formation (i.e. no glutathione or mercapturic acid conjugates were detected). A myriad of novel minor drug-related metabolites were also detected, including ribose, glucose, sulfate and glucuronide ether-linked conjugates of hydroxylated diclofenac derivatives. Combinations of these hydroxylated derivatives with acyl conjugates (glucose, glucuronide and taurine) or N-linked sulfation or glucosidation were also observed. Acyl- or amide-linked-conjugates of benzoic acid metabolites and several indolinone derivatives with further hydroxylated and conjugated moieties were also evident. The mechanisms involved in the generation of benzoic acid and indolinone products indicate the formation reactive intermediates in vivo that may possibly contribute to hepatotoxicity.

PMID:21955289 Sarda S et al; Xenobiotica 42 (2): 179-94 (2012)


For more Metabolism/Metabolites (Complete) data for DICLOFENAC (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.


Diclofenac has known human metabolites that include (2S,3S,4S,5R)-6-[2-[2-(2,6-Dichloroanilino)phenyl]acetyl]oxy-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxane-2-carboxylic acid, 4'-hydroxydiclofenac, and 5-hydroxydiclofenac.

Diclofenac is a known human metabolite of aceclofenac.

S73 | METXBIODB | Metabolite Reaction Database from BioTransformer | DOI:10.5281/zenodo.4056560


5.7 Biological Half-Life

The terminal half-life of diclofenac is approximately 2 h, however the apparent half-life including all metabolites is 25.8-33 h.


Following application of diclofenac epolamine transdermal system, the elimination half-life of diclofenac is approximately 12 hours. /Diclofenac epolamine/

American Society of Health-System Pharmacists 2011; Drug Information 2011. Bethesda, MD. 2011, p. 2114


Following IV administration of diclofenac sodium in healthy adults, the half-life of diclofenac reportedly averages about 3 minutes in the initial distribution phase, about 16 minutes in the intermediate (redistribution) phase, and about 1-2 hours in the terminal (elimination) phase. /Diclofenac sodium/

American Society of Health-System Pharmacists 2011; Drug Information 2011. Bethesda, MD. 2011, p. 2114


Elimination: Up to 6 hours

Thomson.Micromedex. Drug Information for the Health Care Professional. 24th ed. Volume 1. Plus Updates. Content Reviewed by the United States Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc. Greenwood Village, CO. 2004., p. 377


5.8 Mechanism of Action

Diclofenac inhibits cyclooxygenase-1 and -2, the enzymes responsible for production of prostaglandin (PG) G2 which is the precursor to other PGs. These molecules have broad activity in pain and inflammation and the inhibition of their production is the common mechanism linking each effect of diclofenac. PGE2 is the primary PG involved in modulation of nociception. It mediates peripheral sensitization through a variety of effects. PGE2 activates the Gq-coupled EP1 receptor leading to increased activity of the inositol trisphosphate/phospholipase C pathway. Activation of this pathway releases intracellular stores of calcium which directly reduces action potential threshold and activates protein kinase C (PKC) which contributes to several indirect mechanisms. PGE2 also activates the EP4 receptor, coupled to Gs, which activates the adenylyl cyclase/protein kinase A (AC/PKA) signaling pathway. PKA and PKC both contribute to the potentiation of transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (TRPV1) potentiation, which increases sensitivity to heat stimuli. They also activate tetrodotoxin-resistant sodium channels and inhibit inward potassium currents. PKA further contributes to the activation of the P2X3 purine receptor and sensitization of T-type calcium channels. The activation and sensitization of depolarizing ion channels and inhibition of inward potassium currents serve to reduce the intensity of stimulus necessary to generate action potentials in nociceptive sensory afferents. PGE2 act via EP3 to increase sensitivity to bradykinin and via EP2 to further increase heat sensitivity. Central sensitization occurs in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord and is mediated by the EP2 receptor which couples to Gs. Pre-synaptically, this receptor increases the release of pro-nociceptive neurotransmitters glutamate, CGRP, and substance P. Post-synaptically it increases the activity of AMPA and NMDA receptors and produces inhibition of inhibitory glycinergic neurons. Together these lead to a reduced threshold of activating, allowing low intensity stimuli to generate pain signals. PGI2 is known to play a role via its Gs-coupled IP receptor although the magnitude of its contribution varies. It has been proposed to be of greater importance in painful inflammatory conditions such as arthritis. By limiting sensitization, both peripheral and central, via these pathways NSAIDs can effectively reduce inflammatory pain. PGI2 and PGE2 contribute to acute inflammation via their IP and EP2 receptors. Similarly to adrenergic receptors these are Gs-coupled and mediate vasodilation through the AC/PKA pathway. PGE2 also contributes by increasing leukocyte adhesion to the endothelium and attracts the cells to the site of injury. PGD2 plays a role in the activation of endothelial cell release of cytokines through its DP1 receptor. PGI2 and PGE2 modulate T-helper cell activation and differentiation through IP, EP2, and EP4 receptors which is believed to be an important activity in the pathology of arthritic conditions. By limiting the production of these PGs at the site of injury, NSAIDs can reduce inflammation. PGE2 can cross the blood-brain barrier and act on excitatory Gq EP3 receptors on thermoregulatory neurons in the hypothalamus. This activation triggers an increase in heat-generation and a reduction in heat-loss to produce a fever. NSAIDs prevent the generation of PGE2 thereby reducing the activity of these neurons.


Diclofenac has pharmacologic actions similar to those of other prototypical NSAIAs. The drug exhibits anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic activity. The exact mechanisms have not been clearly established, but many of the actions appear to be associated principally with the inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis. Diclofenac inhibits the synthesis of prostaglandins in body tissues by inhibiting cyclooxygenase; at least 2 isoenzymes, cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and -2 (COX-2) (also referred to as prostaglandin G/H synthase-1 (PGHS-10 and -2 (PGHS-2), respectively), have been identified that catalyze the formation of prostaglandins in the arachidonic acid pathway. Diclofenac, like other prototypical NSAIAs, inhibits both COS-1 and COS-2. Although the exact mechanisms have not been clearly established, NSAIAs appear to exert anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic activity principally through inhibition of the COS-2 isoenzyme; COX-1 inhibition presumably is responsible for the drugs' unwanted effects on GI mucosa and platelet aggregation.

American Society of Health-System Pharmacists 2011; Drug Information 2011. Bethesda, MD. 2011, p. 2112


As for all non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs the pharmacodynamic effects of diclofenac sodium are of anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic character due to the decrease of the prostaglandin synthesis from arachidonic acid by inhibition of the cyclo-oxygenase activity. It also induces deleterious effects on gastric and intestinal mucosa and an inhibition of platelet aggregation. /Diclofenac sodium/

European Medicines Agency (EMEA), The European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products, Veterinary Medicines and Inspections, Committee for Veterinary Medicinal Products; Diclofenac, Summary Report, p.1 (2003). Available from, as of October 24, 2011: https://www.ema.europa.eu/ema/index.jsp?curl=/pages/home/Home_Page.jsp&jsenabled=true


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YUNG ZIP CHEMICAL INDUSTRIAL

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Diclofenac

About the Company : Tenatra International was established as a proprietorship firm in 1999. It got off to a very good start, supporting clients in the United States, Mexico and Europe. As business opp...

Tenatra International was established as a proprietorship firm in 1999. It got off to a very good start, supporting clients in the United States, Mexico and Europe. As business opportunities grew, it was felt that the proprietorship firm had outlived its usefulness and that it needed a corporate structure. So, Tenatra Exports Private Limited was incorporated in 2002. Since then, the company has come a long way, gaining valuable experience and knowledge in the fields of chemicals and pharmaceuticals in India. Note: Product(s) under patent(s) are offered only for R&D purposes as per the Patent Act & not for commercial sale.
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About the Company : Biesterfeld Spezialchemie GmbH is a part of the Biesterfeld Group. Biesterfeld Spezialchemie GmbH is a pan-European, rapidly growing distributor of products requiring special perfo...

Biesterfeld Spezialchemie GmbH is a part of the Biesterfeld Group. Biesterfeld Spezialchemie GmbH is a pan-European, rapidly growing distributor of products requiring special performance in the fields of LifeScience, Nutrition, CASE (Coatings, Adhesives, Sealants, Elastomers) & Performance Products. In cooperation with leading companies in the chemical industry, our sales team - with its focus on technical applications - is constantly working on innovative products for the international market.
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About the Company : Established in 1976, J.B.Chemicals & Pharmaceuticals Ltd. (JBCPL) is one of India’s fastest growing pharmaceutical companies. An integrated, research-oriented, public listed orga...

Established in 1976, J.B.Chemicals & Pharmaceuticals Ltd. (JBCPL) is one of India’s fastest growing pharmaceutical companies. An integrated, research-oriented, public listed organisation with a focus on supplying affordable, quality products both in India and International markets, JBCPL is trusted by healthcare professionals globally. Today, JBCPL exports to over 30 countries across the world and earns more than half its revenue from its international business. JBCPL is widely committed to manufacturing a range of innovative specialty products that include various pharmaceutical dosage forms like tablets, injectable (vials, ampoules.
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About the Company : We commit to be a customer focused business and acknowledge that to be successful we have to make the opportunity offered by our clients work for them and for the future prosperity...

We commit to be a customer focused business and acknowledge that to be successful we have to make the opportunity offered by our clients work for them and for the future prosperity of JRC. The opportunity within JRC is to promote an open environment to explore knowledge, share thoughts in a transparent manner and maintain our commitments to all the stakeholders at large. JRC’s strength over 5 years is in science and technology that includes synthetic organic chemistry, process research, and scale-up from laboratory to commercial-scale along with quality and regulatory support.
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About the Company : Kreative Organics Private Limited is a manufacturer of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs) for the world market. Kreative started operations in 1990. Kreative was established ...

Kreative Organics Private Limited is a manufacturer of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs) for the world market. Kreative started operations in 1990. Kreative was established by Dr. S. Krishnamohan. Dr. Krishnamohan was formerly with TIFR, BARC, Caltech and NASA. He is a scientist of international repute and runs Kreative with professionalism and a focus on innovation. Kreative maintains strict quality standards and has developed a robust quality system around which all of our products are manufactured. Kreative invested in a state of the art cGMP facility in 2005 and expanded it to a US FDA class facility in 2013.
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About the Company : Murli Krishna Pharma Private Ltd. is a young and dynamic drug delivery systems (DDS) company in India that provides a range of effective solutions to optimize the delivery of pharm...

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About the Company : Nortec Química stands as the largest manufacturer of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (IFAs) in Latin America, embarking on its mission to ensure the availability of quality medi...

Nortec Química stands as the largest manufacturer of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (IFAs) in Latin America, embarking on its mission to ensure the availability of quality medicines with IFAs developed in Brazil. The company's approach involves leveraging the expertise of major National Research Centers and tapping into the experience of the Brazilian Chemical and Petrochemical Industry. Nortec Química plays a significant role in the Brazilian pharmaceutical landscape and the Unified Health System (SUS), producing APIs for branded, generic, and similar medicines, as well as medicines dedicated to addressing neglected diseases.
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About the Company : Through years' researching and improving, Yung Zip Chemical had laid the groundwork for the technology and quality, also started expanding its business scope, Yung Zip started serv...

Through years' researching and improving, Yung Zip Chemical had laid the groundwork for the technology and quality, also started expanding its business scope, Yung Zip started serving and supplying the APIs to other domestic pharmaceutical industries, and earned a foremost position in bulk pharmaceutical chemical industry in Taiwan. It was an important foundation for Yung Zip to step into international market and become an international company.
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Diclofenac

About the Company : Zeal Medipharma is a Star-rated Export House serving customers in over 50 countries for more than two decades. The company specializes in sourcing and exporting APIs for human and ...

Zeal Medipharma is a Star-rated Export House serving customers in over 50 countries for more than two decades. The company specializes in sourcing and exporting APIs for human and veterinary use, along with drug intermediates, excipients, and semi-finished forms such as pellets and DC granules. Its portfolio also includes herbal extracts, phytochemicals, nutraceuticals, food and feed ingredients, agrochemicals, preservatives, surfactants, and specialty chemicals, supporting global healthcare and industrial markets. Note: Product(s) under patent(s) are offered only for R&D purposes as per the Patent Act & not for commercial sale.
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API | Excipient name

Diclofenac

Synonyms

15307-86-5, Diclofenac acid, Dichlofenac, Diclofenacum, Diclophenac, 2-(2-((2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino)phenyl)acetic acid

Cas Number

15307-86-5

Unique Ingredient Identifier (UNII)

144O8QL0L1

About Diclofenac

A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt.

Aclonac Manufacturers

A Aclonac manufacturer is defined as any person or entity involved in the manufacture, preparation, processing, compounding or propagation of Aclonac, including repackagers and relabelers. The FDA regulates Aclonac manufacturers to ensure that their products comply with relevant laws and regulations and are safe and effective to use. Aclonac API Manufacturers are required to adhere to Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) to ensure that their products are consistently manufactured to meet established quality criteria.

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Aclonac Suppliers

A Aclonac supplier is an individual or a company that provides Aclonac active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) or Aclonac finished formulations upon request. The Aclonac suppliers may include Aclonac API manufacturers, exporters, distributors and traders.

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Aclonac USDMF

A Aclonac DMF (Drug Master File) is a document detailing the whole manufacturing process of Aclonac active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) in detail. Different forms of Aclonac DMFs exist exist since differing nations have different regulations, such as Aclonac USDMF, ASMF (EDMF), JDMF, CDMF, etc.

A Aclonac DMF submitted to regulatory agencies in the US is known as a USDMF. Aclonac USDMF includes data on Aclonac's chemical properties, information on the facilities and procedures used, and details about packaging and storage. The Aclonac USDMF is kept confidential to protect the manufacturer’s intellectual property.

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Aclonac KDMF

In Korea, the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety (MFDS) is in charge of regulating pharmaceutical products and services.

Pharmaceutical companies submit a Aclonac Drug Master File in Korea (Aclonac KDMF) to the MFDS, which includes comprehensive information about the production, processing, facilities, materials, packaging, and testing of Aclonac. The MFDS reviews the Aclonac KDMF as part of the drug registration process and uses the information provided in the Aclonac KDMF to evaluate the safety and efficacy of the drug.

After submitting a Aclonac KDMF to the MFDS, the registered manufacturer can provide importers or distributors with the registration number without revealing confidential information to Korean business partners. Applicants seeking to register their Aclonac API can apply through the Korea Drug Master File (KDMF).

click here to find a list of Aclonac suppliers with KDMF on PharmaCompass.

Aclonac WC

A Aclonac written confirmation (Aclonac WC) is an official document issued by a regulatory agency to a Aclonac manufacturer, verifying that the manufacturing facility of a Aclonac active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) adheres to the Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) regulations of the importing country. When exporting Aclonac APIs or Aclonac finished pharmaceutical products to another nation, regulatory agencies frequently require a Aclonac WC (written confirmation) as part of the regulatory process.

click here to find a list of Aclonac suppliers with Written Confirmation (WC) on PharmaCompass.

Aclonac NDC

National Drug Code is a comprehensive database maintained by the FDA that contains information on all drugs marketed in the US. This directory includes information about finished drug products, unfinished drug products, and compounded drug products, including those containing Aclonac as an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API).

Finished drug products

The FDA updates the NDC directory daily. The NDC numbers for Aclonac API and other APIs are published in this directory by the FDA.

Unfinished drugs

The NDC unfinished drugs database includes product listing information submitted for all unfinished drugs, such as active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), drugs intended for further processing and bulk drug substances for compounding.

Pharmaceutical companies that manufacture Aclonac as an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) must furnish the FDA with an updated record of all drugs that they produce, prepare, propagate, compound, or process for commercial distribution in the US at their facilities.

Compounded drug products

The NDC directory also contains data on finished compounded human drug products that contain Aclonac and are produced by outsourcing facilities. While these outsourcing facilities are not mandated to assign a Aclonac NDC to their finished compounded human drug products, they may choose to do so.

click here to find a list of Aclonac suppliers with NDC on PharmaCompass.

Aclonac GMP

Aclonac Active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) is produced in GMP-certified manufacturing facility.

GMP stands for Good Manufacturing Practices, which is a system used in the pharmaceutical industry to make sure that goods are regularly produced and monitored in accordance with quality standards. The FDA’s current Good Manufacturing Practices requirements are referred to as cGMP or current GMP which indicates that the company follows the most recent GMP specifications. The World Health Organization (WHO) has its own set of GMP guidelines, called the WHO GMP. Different countries can also set their own guidelines for GMP like China (Chinese GMP) or the EU (EU GMP).

PharmaCompass offers a list of Aclonac GMP manufacturers, exporters & distributors, which can be sorted by USDMF, JDMF, KDMF, CEP (COS), WC, and more, enabling you to easily find the right Aclonac GMP manufacturer or Aclonac GMP API supplier for your needs.

Aclonac CoA

A Aclonac CoA (Certificate of Analysis) is a formal document that attests to Aclonac's compliance with Aclonac specifications and serves as a tool for batch-level quality control.

Aclonac CoA mostly includes findings from lab analyses of a specific batch. For each Aclonac CoA document that a company creates, the USFDA specifies specific requirements, such as supplier information, material identification, transportation data, evidence of conformity and signature data.

Aclonac may be tested according to a variety of international standards, such as European Pharmacopoeia (Aclonac EP), Aclonac JP (Japanese Pharmacopeia) and the US Pharmacopoeia (Aclonac USP).

Inform the supplier about your product requirements, specifying if you need a product with particular monograph like EP (Ph. Eur.), USP, JP, BP, or any other quality. In addition, clarify whether you need hydrochloride (HCl), anhydricum, base, micronisatum or a specific level of purity. To find reputable suppliers, utilize the filters and select those certified by GMP, FDA, or any other certification as per your requirement.
For your convenience, we have listed synonyms and CAS numbers to help you find the best supplier. The use of synonyms and CAS numbers can be helpful in identifying potential suppliers, but it is crucial to note that they might not always indicate the exact same product. It is important to confirm the product details with the supplier before making a purchase to ensure that it meets your requirements.
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