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1. Methylbenzene
2. Toluol
3. 108-88-3
4. Phenylmethane
5. Benzene, Methyl-
6. Methacide
7. Methylbenzol
8. Antisal 1a
9. Toluen
10. Tolu-sol
11. Monomethyl Benzene
12. Methane, Phenyl-
13. Tolueen
14. Toluolo
15. Phenyl Methane
16. 1-methylbenzene
17. Methyl-benzene
18. P-toluene
19. Rcra Waste Number U220
20. Nci-c07272
21. 4-methylbenzene
22. Benzene, Methyl
23. Cp 25
24. Nsc 406333
25. Un 1294
26. Phme
27. Nsc-406333
28. Chembl9113
29. 3fpu23bg52
30. Chebi:17578
31. Toluene, Anhydrous
32. Mfcd00008512
33. Ncgc00090939-02
34. Dsstox_cid_1360
35. Tolueen [dutch]
36. Toluen [czech]
37. Toluene, Analytical Standard
38. Dsstox_rid_76107
39. Dsstox_gsid_21360
40. Tolueno [spanish]
41. Toluolo [italian]
42. Caswell No. 859
43. Tolueno
44. Methyl Benzene
45. Para-toluene
46. Toluene, Acs Reagent, >=99.5%
47. Toluene 1000 Microg/ml In Methanol
48. Cas-108-88-3
49. Ccris 2366
50. Hsdb 131
51. Einecs 203-625-9
52. Un1294
53. Rcra Waste No. U220
54. Epa Pesticide Chemical Code 080601
55. Unii-3fpu23bg52
56. Dracyl
57. Phenyl-methane
58. Toluene Solvent
59. 2-methylbenzene
60. Toluene Solution
61. Toluene-
62. Ai3-02261
63. Meph
64. Titration Solvent
65. 2-methyl Benzene
66. 4-methyl-benzene
67. Benzylidyne Radical
68. Toluene Acs Grade
69. Toluene Hplc Grade
70. Methylbenzene, 9ci
71. Toluene (technical)
72. Toluene, For Hplc
73. Phch3
74. Toluene, Acs Reagent
75. Toluene, Hplc Grade
76. 4i7k
77. Toluene [hsdb]
78. Toluene [iarc]
79. Toluene [inci]
80. Toluene, 99.5%
81. Toluene [mi]
82. Toluene [mart.]
83. Otoline (9ci)
84. Toluene [usp-rs]
85. Toluene Reagent Grade Acs
86. Ec 203-625-9
87. Toluene, Environmental Grade
88. Toluene, Semiconductor Grade
89. Toluene, Lr, >=99%
90. C6h5ch3
91. Toluene [green Book]
92. Wln: 1r
93. Bidd:er0288
94. Toluene, Anhydrous, 99.8%
95. Toluene, Astm, 99.5%
96. Toluene, P.a., 99.5%
97. Gtpl5481
98. Dtxsid7021360
99. Toluene, Ar, >=99.5%
100. Toluene, For Hplc, 99.9%
101. Toluene, Lr, Rectified, 99%
102. Dtxsid00184990
103. Toluene Gc, For Residue Analysis
104. Toluene, Hplc Grade, 99.8%
105. Toluene, Spectrophotometric Grade
106. Toluene 10 Microg/ml In Methanol
107. Toluene, Lr, Sulfur Free, 99%
108. Zinc967534
109. Toluene, Ar, Rectified, 99.5%
110. Toluene, Technical Grade, 95.0%
111. Bcp16202
112. Toluene, For Hplc, >=99.8%
113. Toluene, For Hplc, >=99.9%
114. Toluene, Histology Grade, Practical
115. Toluene, Pra Grade, >=99.8%
116. Toluene 100 Microg/ml In Methanol
117. Tox21_111042
118. Tox21_201224
119. Bdbm50008558
120. Nsc406333
121. Toluene, Purification Grade, 99.8%
122. Akos015840411
123. Zinc100116646
124. Db11558
125. Toluene, Puriss., >=99.5% (gc)
126. Toluene, Saj First Grade, >=99.0%
127. Ncgc00090939-01
128. Ncgc00090939-03
129. Ncgc00258776-01
130. Toluene [un1294] [flammable Liquid]
131. Toluene, Jis Special Grade, >=99.5%
132. Toluene, Laboratory Reagent, >=99.3%
133. 50643-04-4
134. Ramipril Impurity G [ep Impurity]
135. Toluene, For Hplc, >=99.7% (gc)
136. Toluene, Uv Hplc Spectroscopic, 99.5%
137. Toluene, Anhydrous, Zero2(tm), 99.8%
138. Ft-0688208
139. T0260
140. Toluene, Suitable For Determination Of Dioxins
141. C01455
142. Q15779
143. Toluene, Suitable For Scintillation, >=99.7%
144. Toluene Liquid Density, Nist(r) Srm(r) 211d
145. Toluene, For Residue Analysis, >=99.8% (gc)
146. A801937
147. Sr-01000944565
148. Toluene, Acs Spectrophotometric Grade, >=99.5%
149. Sr-01000944565-1
150. Toluene, P.a., Acs Reagent, Reag. Iso, 99.5%
151. Toluene, Suitable For 5000 Per Jis, For Residue Analysis
152. Toluene, Hplc Plus, For Hplc, Gc, And Residue Analysis, >=99.9%
153. Toluene, P.a., Acs Reagent, Reag. Iso, Reag. Ph. Eur., 99.5%
154. Toluene, Suitable For 300 Per Jis, For Residue Analysis, >=99.8%
155. Toluene, Absolute, Over Molecular Sieve (h2o <=0.005%), >=99.7% (gc)
156. Toluene, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material
157. Toluene, Suitable For 1000 Per Jis, For Residue Analysis, >=99.8%
158. Residual Solvent - Toluene, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material
159. Toluene, Puriss. P.a., Acs Reagent, Reag. Iso, Reag. Ph. Eur., >=99.7% (gc)
160. 25013-04-1
| Molecular Weight | 92.14 g/mol |
|---|---|
| Molecular Formula | C7H8 |
| XLogP3 | 2.7 |
| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count | 0 |
| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count | 0 |
| Rotatable Bond Count | 0 |
| Exact Mass | 92.062600255 g/mol |
| Monoisotopic Mass | 92.062600255 g/mol |
| Topological Polar Surface Area | 0 Ų |
| Heavy Atom Count | 7 |
| Formal Charge | 0 |
| Complexity | 42 |
| Isotope Atom Count | 0 |
| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count | 0 |
| Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count | 0 |
| Defined Bond Stereocenter Count | 0 |
| Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count | 0 |
| Covalently Bonded Unit Count | 1 |
Lethal levels 1.0 mg%; 10.0 ug/ml
Winek, C.L. Drug and Chemical Blood-Level Data 1985. Pittsburgh, PA: Allied Fischer Scientific, 1985.
Ingestion of approximately 60 mL (625 mg/kg) of toluene proved fatal for a white male mental patient.
Ameno K et al; Forensic Sci Int 41: 255-60 (1989)
Used for the removal of ascarids (Toxocara canis and Toxascaris leonina) and hookworms (Ancylostoma caninum and Uncinaria stenocephala) and as an aid in removing tapeworms (Taenia pisiformis, Dipylidium caninum, and Echinococcus granulosus) from dogs and cats.
Solvents
Liquids that dissolve other substances (solutes), generally solids, without any change in chemical composition, as, water containing sugar. (Grant and Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed) (See all compounds classified as Solvents.)
In a group of 37 rotogravure printers a close correlation (rs = 0.78) was found between the time weighted toluene exposure during a five day working week (range 8-416 mg/cu m, median 75) and the concentration of toluene in subcutaneous adipose tissue (range 1.1-20.7 mg/kg, median 3.8). After exposure ceased, the elimination of toluene was followed up in 11 subjects. The toluene concentration in venous blood decreased non-linearly and the elimination curves contained at least three exponential components. The first two had median estimated half times of nine minutes and two hours respectively. The third component, with a median half time of 90 hours, reflected the decline in adipose tissue, which had a median half time of 79 hours (range 44-178). The study showed protracted endogenous toluene exposure from adipose tissue depots long after the end of exogenous exposure. The observations also suggest that the blood toluene concentrations on Monday mornings might be used as an index of the exposure in the previous week.
PMID:2818975 Full text: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1009794 Nise G et al; Br J Ind Med 46 (6): 407-11 (1989)
Studies quantifying oral absorption of toluene are limited but have demonstrated nearly 100% absorption following a single oral exposure. In volunteers exposed to an infusion of 2 mg toluene/minute for 3 hours (~5 mg/kg) via a gastric tube, absorption of toluene, measured by monitoring exhaled air for toluene and urine for toluene metabolites, was found to be complete. /Another study/ reported that greater than 99% of a single gavage dose of radiolabeled toluene in rats was eliminated in the urine or expired air, indicating near-total absorption of the exposure dose.
USEPA; Toxicology Review of Toluene (CAS No. 108-88-3) p. 4 (September 2005). Available from, as of February, 2016: https://www.epa.gov/iris/
Toluene is absorbed through human skin slowly, with absorption rates ranging from 14 to 23 mg/sq cm-hour.
USEPA; Toxicology Review of Toluene (CAS No. 108-88-3) p. 4 (September 2005). Available from, as of February, 2016: https://www.epa.gov/iris/
Studies in both humans and animals have shown that the majority of toluene in the body is eliminated in the urine, mainly as metabolites.
USEPA; Toxicology Review of Toluene (CAS No. 108-88-3) p. 4 (September 2005). Available from, as of February, 2016: https://www.epa.gov/iris/
For more Absorption, Distribution and Excretion (Complete) data for TOLUENE (28 total), please visit the HSDB record page.
Toluene is well metabolized, but a portion is exhaled unchanged. Hepatic P450s catalyze metabolism of toluene primarily to benzyl alcohol and lesser amounts of cresols. Benzyl alcohol is converted by ADH and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) to benzoic acid, which is primarily conjugated with glycine and eliminated in the urine as hippuric acid.
Klaassen, C.D. (ed). Casarett and Doull's Toxicology. The Basic Science of Poisons. 7th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 2008., p. 1010
Toluene is metabolized to benzoic acid, followed by hepatic cytochrome P-450 catalyzed glycine conjugation to form hippuric acid. Approximately 75% to 80% of the absorbed toluene is metabolized to benzoic acid, and 62% to 72% is eliminated by humans in the urine as hippuric acid. As the amount of absorbed toluene is increased, the relative importance of the glucuronide conjugated increased. Relatively small amounts appear in urine as the o-cresol (0.12%-0.43%) and p-cresol where they occur as glucuronide and sulfate derivatives. Less than 2% of the absorbed toluene is eliminated in feces.
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Documentation of the TLVs and BEIs with Other World Wide Occupational Exposure Values. 7th Ed. CD-ROM Cincinnati, OH 45240-1634 2013., p. 3
In rats, approx 0.5%-1.1% of the dose is converted to o-cresol and p-cresol and is excreted as glucuronide and sulfate conjugates.
Bakke OM, Scheline RR; Tox Appl Pharm 16: 691-700 (1970) as cited in NRC; Alkyl Benzenes p.221 (1981)
In mammalian species, acidic metabolites are conjugated with glycine to form hippuric acid and phenylacetic acid. In humans, the phenylacetic acid metabolite is also conjugated with glutamine to form phenacetylglutamine.
James MO et al; Proc R Soc Lond Ser B 182: 25-35 (1972) as cited in NRC; Alkyl Benzenes p.219 (1981)
Toluene has known human metabolites that include 4-Methylphenol, Benzyl alcohol, and o-Cresol.
S73 | METXBIODB | Metabolite Reaction Database from BioTransformer | DOI:10.5281/zenodo.4056560
Blood: 0.5 hours (can range up to 90 hours depending upon fat deposition); for hippuric acid in urine: 1.5 hours; [TDR, p. 1145]
TDR - Ryan RP, Terry CE, Leffingwell SS (eds). Toxicology Desk Reference: The Toxic Exposure and Medical Monitoring Index, 5th Ed. Washington DC: Taylor & Francis, 1999., p. 1145
In mice, toluene is eliminated from alveolar air with a biologic half-life of 2.6 hours; elimination from blood and brain occurs with a half-life of 1 hour. In rats, the mean half-time for toluene uptake from air at 1000 to 3000 ppm was 34 minutes and the half-times for the rapid and slow elimination phases were 6 and 90 minutes, respectively. Alveolar and circulating toluene concentrations decrease as a direct function of respiratory and cardiac rates after exposure ceases. The elimination half-time for toluene from human tissue is 0.5 to 2.7 days after inhaling 70 ppm for 2 hours.
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Documentation of the TLVs and BEIs with Other World Wide Occupational Exposure Values. 7th Ed. CD-ROM Cincinnati, OH 45240-1634 2013., p. 3-4
After exposure ceased, the elimination of toluene was followed up in 11 /rotogravure printers/. The toluene concentration in venous blood decreased non-linearly and the elimination curves contained at least three exponential components. The first two had median estimated half times of nine minutes and two hours respectively. The third component, with a median half time of 90 hours, reflected the decline in adipose tissue, which had a median half time of 79 hours (range 44-178).
PMID:2818975 Full text: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1009794 Nise G et al; Br J Ind Med 46 (6): 407-11 (1989)
0.083 days (Inhaled as environmental air)
Cleland, J.G., G.L. Kingsbury. Multimedia Environmental Goals for Environmental Assessment. Volume 1. EPA-600/7-77-136a. Research Triangle Park, NC: EPA, Nov. 1977., p. E-146
The present study demonstrates reductions of dopamine (DA) turnover in various areas of the anterior nucleus caudate of rat by toluene at concentrations lower than the current OSHA threshold limit value (100 ppm). Thus, toluene at low concentrations may produce disturbances in dopaminergic mechanisms of the basal ganglia probably leading to functional changes in sensory-motor integration. The increases in DA turnover in the cholecystokinin (CCK)-DA terminals of the subcortical limbic system induced by high concentrations of toluene may be part of the neurochemical basis for its abuse as a euphoric agent in man.
PMID:7112606 Fuxe K et al; Toxicol Lett 12 (2-3): 115-23 (1982)
Exposure to toluene causes both reversible and irreversible changes in the central nervous system. The effects of toluene inhalation on some specific enzymes and glutamate and GABA receptor binding in defined parts of the rat brain were studied following several exposure schemes. The activities of the transmitter synthesizing enzymes glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and aromatic amino-acid decarboxylase (AAD) were used as markers for permanent loss of neuronal activity. Catecholaminergic neurons showed a 50% reduction in the brain stem after 4 weeks exposure to 250 and 1000 ppm toluene. Following 500 ppm of toluene, 16 hr/day for 3 months, a general increase in the activities was seen. This is most probably due to a reduction in total protein content, to which the activities were related. The neurotransmitters glutamate and GABA had their specific receptor binding increased in most of the brain areas studied, but decreased in some areas. The glial enzyme, glutamine synthetase, has its activity increased in the cerebellar hemisphere following 4 weeks exposure to 1000 ppm. This suggests that glial cells in the area may have proliferated, a frequent phenomenon following CNS damage.
Bjornaes S, Naalsund Lu; Toxicol 49 (2-3): 367-74 (1988)
The effect on energetic metabolism of rat liver mitochondria (RLM) of styrene and other aliphatic benzene derivatives, i.e. toluene, ethylbenzene, alpha-methylstyrene and butylbenzene, is studied. It is shown that these compounds uncouple oxidative phosphorylation and this effect is connected with the stimulation of passive entry of protons into mitochondria. The relationship between hydrophobicity of these compounds and their biological activity and mechanism of uncoupling effect are discussed.
PMID:2904817 Mickiewicz W, Rzeczycki W; Biochem Pharmacol 37 (23): 4439-44 (1988)
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