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Tox21_300894
Also known as: 59-40-5, Sulfabenzpyrazine, Sulphaquinoxaline, Avicocid, Sulfaline, Sulquin
Molecular Formula
C14H12N4O2S
Molecular Weight
300.34  g/mol
InChI Key
NHZLNPMOSADWGC-UHFFFAOYSA-N
FDA UNII
WNW8115TM9

An antiprotozoal agent used to combat coccidial infections of swine, cattle, fowl, and other veterinary animals. Also used in controlling outbreaks of fowl typhoid and fowl cholera and in treatment of infectious enteritis.
1 2D Structure

Tox21_300894

2 Identification
2.1 Computed Descriptors
2.1.1 IUPAC Name
4-amino-N-quinoxalin-2-ylbenzenesulfonamide
2.1.2 InChI
InChI=1S/C14H12N4O2S/c15-10-5-7-11(8-6-10)21(19,20)18-14-9-16-12-3-1-2-4-13(12)17-14/h1-9H,15H2,(H,17,18)
2.1.3 InChI Key
NHZLNPMOSADWGC-UHFFFAOYSA-N
2.1.4 Canonical SMILES
C1=CC=C2C(=C1)N=CC(=N2)NS(=O)(=O)C3=CC=C(C=C3)N
2.2 Other Identifiers
2.2.1 UNII
WNW8115TM9
2.3 Synonyms
2.3.1 MeSH Synonyms

1. Sulfabenzpyrazine

2. Sulfachinoxalin

2.3.2 Depositor-Supplied Synonyms

1. 59-40-5

2. Sulfabenzpyrazine

3. Sulphaquinoxaline

4. Avicocid

5. Sulfaline

6. Sulquin

7. Italquina

8. Kokozigal

9. Sulfacox

10. Ursokoxaline

11. 2-sulfanilamidoquinoxaline

12. 2-sulfanilamidobenzopyrazine

13. Sulfa-q 20

14. Sulfachinoxalin

15. Sulfaquinoxalin

16. 4-amino-n-(quinoxalin-2-yl)benzenesulfonamide

17. Sulfaquinoxalina

18. 2-(p-sulfanilamido)quinoxaline

19. Sulfaquinoxalinum

20. Compound 3-120

21. Anti-k

22. N-(2-quinoxalinyl)sulfanilamide

23. N1-(2-quinoxalinyl)sulfanilamide

24. N'-2-quinoxalylsulfanilamide

25. Benzenesulfonamide, 4-amino-n-2-quinoxalinyl-

26. 2-p-aminobenzenesulfonamidoquinoxaline

27. 4-amino-n-quinoxalin-2-ylbenzenesulfonamide

28. Sq 40

29. N-(2-quinoxalinyl)sulfanilide

30. 2-p-aminobenzenesulphonamidoquinoxaline

31. Nsc41805

32. Nsc-41805

33. N(sup 1)-2-quinoxalinylsulfanilamide

34. N(sup 1)-(2-quinoxalinyl)sulfanilamide

35. Sqx

36. Ai3-17254

37. 4-amino-n-(2-quinoxalinyl)benzenesulfonamide

38. Sulfanilamide, N1-2-quinoxalinyl-

39. Sulquin 6-50 Concentrate (veterinary)

40. Sulfaquinoxaline (usp/inn)

41. Mls000737045

42. 4-amino-n-(quinoxalin-2-yl)benzene-1-sulfonamide

43. Wnw8115tm9

44. N'-(2-quinoxalyl)sulfanilamide

45. N1-2-quinoxalinyl, Sulfanilamide

46. N(sup1)-quinoxalin-2-ylsulfanilamide

47. N(sup1)-(2-quinoxalinyl)sulfanilamide

48. 2-(p-aminobenzene)sulfonamidoquinoxaline

49. Dsstox_cid_22424

50. Dsstox_rid_80021

51. Dsstox_gsid_42424

52. 4-amino-n-quinoxalin-2-yl-benzenesulfonamide

53. Caswell No. 721

54. Aviochina

55. Sulfaquinoxaline, Analytical Standard

56. 4-amino-n-2-quinoxalinylbenzenesulfonamide

57. Sul-q-nox

58. Cas-59-40-5

59. Nsc 41805

60. Smr000394001

61. Sulfaquinoxalinum [inn-latin]

62. Sulfaquinoxalina [inn-spanish]

63. Hsdb 7440

64. Sulfaquinoxaline [usan:inn:ban]

65. Einecs 200-423-2

66. Epa Pesticide Chemical Code 077901

67. Brn 0290026

68. Unii-wnw8115tm9

69. Embazin

70. Nococcin

71. Quinoxipra C

72. Kokozigal S

73. Sulfa-q

74. Sulfaquinoxaline [usp:inn:ban]

75. Spectrum_001410

76. Sulfaquinoxaline-13c6

77. Sulfanilamide, N(sup 1)-2-quinoxalinyl-

78. 4-amino-n-2-quinoxalinyl-benzenesulfonamide

79. Prestwick0_000731

80. Prestwick1_000731

81. Prestwick2_000731

82. Prestwick3_000731

83. Spectrum2_000986

84. Spectrum3_001455

85. Spectrum4_000423

86. Spectrum5_000983

87. S. Q. 40 Per Cent

88. Ncistruc1_000587

89. Ncistruc2_000454

90. Oprea1_705564

91. Schembl93789

92. Sulfaquinoxaline, Ban, Inn

93. Bspbio_000682

94. Bspbio_002949

95. Kbiogr_000746

96. Kbioss_001890

97. Sulfaquinoxaline [mi]

98. 5-25-11-00125 (beilstein Handbook Reference)

99. Mls001176103

100. S. Q. "40 Per Cent"

101. S. Q. '40 Per Cent'

102. Bidd:gt0642

103. Divk1c_000035

104. Sulfaquinoxaline [inn]

105. Spbio_001051

106. Spbio_002621

107. Sulfaquinoxaline [hsdb]

108. Bpbio1_000752

109. Zinc2106

110. Chembl1437847

111. Dtxsid8042424

112. N1-2-quinoxalinyl-sulfanilamide

113. Schembl21295162

114. Sulfaquinoxaline [mart.]

115. Chebi:94719

116. Kbio1_000035

117. Kbio2_001890

118. Kbio2_004458

119. Kbio2_007026

120. Kbio3_002449

121. Ninds_000035

122. Hms2744n03

123. Albb-033368

124. Hy-b1282

125. Nci41805

126. Str08438

127. Wln: T66 Bn Enj Cmswr Dz

128. Tox21_110027

129. Tox21_300894

130. Ccg-38184

131. Mfcd00055406

132. Ncgc00013489

133. Sulfaquinoxaline [green Book]

134. N(sup1)-2-quinoxalinyl-sulfanilamide

135. Akos001053134

136. Akos024418782

137. Tox21_110027_1

138. Db11464

139. N(sup 1)-2-quinoxalinyl-sulfanilamide

140. Sulfaquinoxaline [usp Impurity]

141. Idi1_000035

142. Smp2_000015

143. Sulfaquinoxaline [usp Monograph]

144. Ncgc00013489-01

145. Ncgc00013489-02

146. Ncgc00013489-03

147. Ncgc00096603-01

148. Ncgc00178376-05

149. Ncgc00254798-01

150. Sulfanilamide, N(sup1)-2-quinoxalinyl-

151. Ac-18848

152. Nci60_003947

153. Sulfanilamide, N1-2-quinoxalinyl- (8ci)

154. Sulfaquinoxalin 100 Microg/ml In Methanol

155. Db-053379

156. Cs-0013058

157. Ft-0631264

158. En300-24981

159. Sulfaquinoxalin 100 Microg/ml In Acetonitrile

160. D05952

161. H11037

162. 4-amino-n-2-quinoxalinylbenzenesulfonamide, 9ci

163. 055s406

164. A928697

165. Sr-01000768431

166. Q1019320

167. Sr-01000768431-3

168. Sulfaquinoxaline, Pestanal(r), Analytical Standard

169. W-105325

170. Brd-k71133585-236-05-2

171. Brd-k71133585-236-08-6

172. Z56922081

173. Sulfaquinoxaline, United States Pharmacopeia (usp) Reference Standard

2.4 Create Date
2005-03-25
3 Chemical and Physical Properties
Molecular Weight 300.34 g/mol
Molecular Formula C14H12N4O2S
XLogP31.7
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count2
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count6
Rotatable Bond Count3
Exact Mass300.06809681 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass300.06809681 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area106 Ų
Heavy Atom Count21
Formal Charge0
Complexity442
Isotope Atom Count0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count0
Covalently Bonded Unit Count1
4 Drug and Medication Information
4.1 Therapeutic Uses

Mesh Heading: anti-infective agents, Antiprotozoal agents

National Library of Medicine, SIS; ChemIDplus Record for Sulfaquinoxaline (59-40-5). Available from, as of April 13, 2006: https://chem.sis.nlm.nih.gov/chemidplus/chemidlite.jsp


MEDICATION (VET): Sulfonamide antibiotic. Also used as a coccidiostat in poultry.

Milne, G.W.A. Veterinary Drugs: Synonyms and Properties. Ashgate Publishing Limited, Aldershot, Hampshire, England 2002., p. 64


MEDICATION (VET): Sulfonamides /including sulfaquinoxaline/ are widely used for treatment of several bacterial and protozoal infections in poultry.

Kahn, C.M. (Ed.); The Merck Veterinary Manual 9th ed. Merck & Co. Whitehouse Station, NJ. 2005, p. 2261


MEDICATION (VET): ... Used to treat or control outbreaks of coccidiosis caused by Eimeria tenella, E. necatrix, E. acervulina, E. maxima, or E. brunetti in chickens; by E. meleagrimitis or E. adenoeides in turkeys; and by E. bovis or E. zurnii in cattle. It is also used to treat or control fowl cholera caused by Pasteurella multocida, as well as fowl typhoid caused by sensitive organisms.

Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. 6th ed.Vol 1: Federal Republic of Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. 2003 to Present, p. V. 38 24 (2003)


For more Therapeutic Uses (Complete) data for SULFAQUINOXALINE (14 total), please visit the HSDB record page.


4.2 Drug Warning

(VET): Prolonged administration of sulfaquinoxaline may result in deposition of crystals in the kidney or interference with normal blood clotting. Sulfaquinoxaline levels of greater than 0.012% in drinking water for more than twenty-four to thirty-six hours may result in reduced growth rate from decreased feed or water consumption.

Thomson/Micromedex. USP Veterinary Pharmaceutical Information Monographs: Sulfonamides (2003). Available from, as of July 26, 2006: https://www.usp.org/audiences/veterinary/monographs/main.html


(VET): Animals should maintain an adequate water intake during the treatment period.

Thomson/Micromedex. USP Veterinary Pharmaceutical Information Monographs: Sulfonamides (2003). Available from, as of July 26, 2006: https://www.usp.org/audiences/veterinary/monographs/main.html


(VET): An idiosyncratic sulfonamide toxicosis can occur in any breed of dog, but has been reported more frequently in the Doberman Pinscher than in other breeds. This specific type of drug reaction includes blood dyscrasias, nonseptic polyarthritis, and skin rash. Dogs given sulfonamides may also develop cutaneous eruptions, hepatitis, or keratitis sicca. Dogs are reported to develop a hemorrhagic syndrome when doses of sulfaquinoxaline that are tolerated by many chickens are administered in their drinking water.

Thomson/Micromedex. USP Veterinary Pharmaceutical Information Monographs: Sulfonamides (2003). Available from, as of July 26, 2006: https://www.usp.org/audiences/veterinary/monographs/main.html


(VET): Clotting disorders similar to those resulting from coumarin anticoagulants have been reported in chickens and dogs.

Thomson/Micromedex. USP Veterinary Pharmaceutical Information Monographs: Sulfonamides (2003). Available from, as of July 26, 2006: https://www.usp.org/audiences/veterinary/monographs/main.html


For more Drug Warnings (Complete) data for SULFAQUINOXALINE (11 total), please visit the HSDB record page.


5 Pharmacology and Biochemistry
5.1 MeSH Pharmacological Classification

Anti-Infective Agents

Substances that prevent infectious agents or organisms from spreading or kill infectious agents in order to prevent the spread of infection. (See all compounds classified as Anti-Infective Agents.)


Antiprotozoal Agents

Substances that are destructive to protozoans. (See all compounds classified as Antiprotozoal Agents.)


5.2 Absorption, Distribution and Excretion

Sulfaquinoxaline is minimally absorbed systemically and is referred to as an enteric sulfonamide.

Thomson/Micromedex. USP Veterinary Pharmaceutical Information Monographs: Sulfonamides (2003). Available from, as of July 26, 2006: https://www.usp.org/audiences/veterinary/monographs/main.html


Sulfonamides are distributed into milk; however, the sulfonamides that are clinically relevant to food-producing animals are distributed into milk in concentrations too low to be therapeutic but high enough to produce residues. Sulfadiazine and sulfanilamide are more efficiently distributed into milk than most sulfonamides, but are not used in dairy cattle. For many sulfonamides, 0.5 to 2% of the total dose is found in the milk. Distribution into milk varies depending on the amount of non-protein -bound sulfonamide present in the blood and the amount of the nonionized and therefore liposoluble form of the medication present. Sulfonamides with higher pKa values produce a higher proportion of drug in the blood that is non-ionized, and if other factors, such as the rate of biotransformation, also support it, may be distributed more easily into milk. /Sulfonamides/

Thomson/Micromedex. USP Veterinary Pharmaceutical Information Monographs: Sulfonamides (2003). Available from, as of July 26, 2006: https://www.usp.org/audiences/veterinary/monographs/main.html


Sulfonamides are eliminated from body partly as unchanged drugs and partly as metabolic products. The largest fraction is excreted in urine, and half-life ... is thus dependent on renal function. In acid urine, the older sulfonamides are insoluble and may precipitate, causing crystalline deposits that can cause urinary obstruction. Small amt are eliminated in feces and in bile, milk, and other secretions. /Sulfonamides/

Hardman, J.G., L.E. Limbird, P.B., A.G. Gilman. Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 10th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 2001., p. 1174


All sulfonamides are bound in varying degree to plasma proteins, particularly to albumin. The extent ... Is determined by the hydrophobicity and ... pKa; at physiological pH, drugs with a high pKa exhibit a low degree of protein binding ... /They/ are distributed throughout all tissues of the body ... /and/ readily enter pleural, peritoneal, synovial, ocular, and similar body fluids ... in the unbound active form. /Sulfonamides/

Hardman, J.G., L.E. Limbird, P.B., A.G. Gilman. Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 10th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 2001., p. 1173


For more Absorption, Distribution and Excretion (Complete) data for SULFAQUINOXALINE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.


5.3 Metabolism/Metabolites

Sulfonamides are primarily metabolized in the liver but metabolism also occurs in other tissues. Biotransformation occurs mainly by acetylation, glucuronide conjugation, and aromatic hydroxylation in many species. The types of metabolites formed and the amount of each varies depending on the specific sulfonamide administered; the species, age, diet, and environment of the animal; the presence of disease; and, with the exception of pigs and ruminants, even the sex of the animal. Dogs are considered to be unable to acetylate sulfonamides to any significant degree. /Sulfonamides/


The sulfonamides undergo metabolic alterations in vivo, especially in the liver. The major metabolic derivative is N4-acetylated sulfonamide. Acetylation, which occurs to a different extent with each agent, is disadvantageous, because the resulting products have no antibacterial activity and yet retain the toxic potentialities of the parent substance. /Sulfonamides/

Hardman, J.G., L.E. Limbird, P.B., A.G. Gilman. Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 10th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 2001., p. 1173


5.4 Mechanism of Action

Bacteriostatic. Sulfonamides interfere with the biosynthesis of folic acid in bacterial cells; they compete with paraaminobenzoic acid (PABA) for incorporation in the folic acid molecule. By replacing the PABA molecule and preventing the folic acid formation required for DNA synthesis, the sulfonamides prevent multiplication of the bacterial cell. Susceptible organisms must synthesize their own folic acid; mammalian cells use preformed folic acid and, therefore, are not susceptible. Cells that produce excess PABA or environments with PABA, such as necrotic tissues, allow for resistance by competition with the sulfonamide. /Sulfonamides/

Thomson/Micromedex. USP Veterinary Pharmaceutical Information Monographs: Sulfonamides (2003). Available from, as of July 26, 2006: https://www.usp.org/audiences/veterinary/monographs/main.html


Sulfonamides are structural analogs and competitive antagonists of para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) and thus prevent normal bacterial utilization of PABA for the synthesis of folic acid (pteroylglutamic acid). More specifically, sulfonamides are competitive inhibitors of dihydropteroate synthase,the bacterial enzyme responsible for the incorporation of PABA into dihydropteroic acid, the immediate precursor of folic acid. Sensitive microorganisms are those that must synthesize their own folic acid; bacteria that can utilize preformed folate are not affected. Bacteriostasis induced by sulfonamides is counteracted by PABA competitively. Sulfonamides do not affect mammalian cells by this mechanism, since they require preformed folic acid and cannot synthesize it. /Sulfonamides/

Hardman, J.G., L.E. Limbird, P.B., A.G. Gilman. Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 10th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 2001., p. 1172


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