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SERVICES
NCGC00024387-02
Also known as: 66357-35-5, Ranitidine base, Raticina, Ratic, Ranitidina, Ranitidinum
Molecular Formula
C13H22N4O3S
Molecular Weight
314.41  g/mol
InChI Key
VMXUWOKSQNHOCA-UKTHLTGXSA-N

A non-imidazole blocker of those histamine receptors that mediate gastric secretion (H2 receptors). It is used to treat gastrointestinal ulcers.
1 2D Structure

NCGC00024387-02

2 Identification
2.1 Computed Descriptors
2.1.1 IUPAC Name
(E)-1-N'-[2-[[5-[(dimethylamino)methyl]furan-2-yl]methylsulfanyl]ethyl]-1-N-methyl-2-nitroethene-1,1-diamine
2.1.2 InChI
InChI=1S/C13H22N4O3S/c1-14-13(9-17(18)19)15-6-7-21-10-12-5-4-11(20-12)8-16(2)3/h4-5,9,14-15H,6-8,10H2,1-3H3/b13-9+
2.1.3 InChI Key
VMXUWOKSQNHOCA-UKTHLTGXSA-N
2.1.4 Canonical SMILES
CNC(=C[N+](=O)[O-])NCCSCC1=CC=C(O1)CN(C)C
2.1.5 Isomeric SMILES
CN/C(=C\[N+](=O)[O-])/NCCSCC1=CC=C(O1)CN(C)C
2.2 Synonyms
2.2.1 MeSH Synonyms

1. Ah 19065

2. Ah-19065

3. Ah19065

4. Biotidin

5. Hydrochloride, Ranitidine

6. N (2-(((5-((dimethylamino)methyl)-2-furanyl)methyl)thio)ethyl)-n'-methyl-2-nitro-1,1-ethenediamine

7. Ranisen

8. Ranitidin

9. Ranitidine Hydrochloride

10. Sostril

11. Zantac

12. Zantic

2.2.2 Depositor-Supplied Synonyms

1. 66357-35-5

2. Ranitidine Base

3. Raticina

4. Ratic

5. Ranitidina

6. Ranitidinum

7. Coralen

8. Gastrial

9. Quantor

10. Rantidine

11. Zantac

12. Gastrosedol

13. Microtid

14. Ptinolin

15. Ranidine

16. Raniogas

17. Ranisen

18. Ranitiget

19. Rantacid

20. Taural

21. Duractin

22. Ulceranin

23. Weichilin

24. Xanidine

25. Zantadin

26. Achedos

27. Acidex

28. Atural

29. Axoban

30. Ezopta

31. Istomar

32. Logast

33. Mauran

34. Quicran

35. Radinat

36. Randin

37. Raniter

38. Sampep

39. Urantac

40. Verlost

41. Vesyca

42. Vizerul

43. Weidos

44. Zantab

45. Ranin

46. Ul-pep

47. Ranitidine Free Base

48. Chebi:8776

49. Ranitidine Impurity J

50. 1,1-ethenediamine, N-(2-(((5-((dimethylamino)methyl)-2-furanyl)methyl)thio)ethyl)-n'-methyl-2-nitro-

51. Ranitidinum [inn-latin]

52. Ranitidina [inn-spanish]

53. Zantac (tn)

54. Chembl512

55. 1,1-ethenediamine, N-[2-[[[5-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-2-furanyl]methyl]thio]ethyl]-n'-methyl-2-nitro-

56. 66357-35-5 (free Base)

57. Ncgc00015876-07

58. Dsstox_cid_25191

59. Dsstox_rid_80738

60. Dsstox_gsid_45191

61. Ranitidine [usan:ban:inn]

62. Rnd

63. Ranitidine (tn)

64. {2-[({5-[(dimethylamino)methyl]furan-2-yl}methyl)sulfanyl]ethyl}[(e)-1-(methylamino)-2-nitroethenyl]amine

65. Dimethyl[(5-{[(2-{[(e)-1-(methylamino)-2-nitroethenyl]amino}ethyl)sulfanyl]methyl}furan-2-yl)methyl]amine

66. Cas-66357-35-5

67. (e)-n-(2-(((5-((dimethylamino)methyl)furan-2-yl)methyl)thio)ethyl)-n-methyl-2-nitroethene-1,1-diamine

68. 71130-06-8

69. Ranitidine (usan/inn)

70. Gavilast

71. Sr-01000075288

72. (e)-ranitidine

73. Tocris-1967

74. Lopac-r-101

75. Prestwick2_000201

76. Spectrum5_001189

77. Epitope Id:127515

78. Ranitidine Hcl 1/2 Type

79. Lopac0_001073

80. N'-[2-[[5-(dimethylaminomethyl)-2-furyl]methylsulfanyl]ethyl]-n-methyl-2-nitro-ethene-1,1-diamine Hydrochloride

81. Bidd:gt0179

82. Spectrum1501151

83. Gtpl1234

84. Bdbm22893

85. Chebi:92246

86. Hms501f22

87. N-[2-[[5-[(dimethylamino)methyl]furfuryl]thio]ethyl]-n'-methyl-2-nitro-1,1-ethenediamine

88. Bdbm237183

89. Dtxsid101112063

90. Hms1921l07

91. Hms2092h15

92. Hms3886a16

93. Pharmakon1600-01501151

94. Ranitidine (form I And Form Ii)

95. Bcp21325

96. Hy-b0693

97. Zinc1530728

98. Tox21_110250

99. Tox21_302372

100. Ccg-39025

101. Mfcd00081180

102. Nsc757851

103. S5662

104. Stk619092

105. Akos005552967

106. Tox21_110250_1

107. Ks-5230

108. Sdccgsbi-0051043.p004

109. Idi1_000440

110. Ncgc00015876-01

111. Ncgc00015876-02

112. Ncgc00015876-03

113. Ncgc00015876-04

114. Ncgc00015876-05

115. Ncgc00015876-06

116. Ncgc00015876-08

117. Ncgc00015876-09

118. Ncgc00015876-11

119. Ncgc00015876-16

120. Ncgc00018108-01

121. Ncgc00018108-02

122. Ncgc00018108-03

123. Ncgc00024387-02

124. Ncgc00094913-01

125. Ncgc00094913-02

126. Ncgc00094913-03

127. Ncgc00094913-04

128. Ncgc00094913-05

129. Ncgc00256269-01

130. ({5-[(2-{[(1e)-1-(methylamino)-2-nitrovinyl]amino}ethylthio)methyl](2-furyl)}m Ethyl)dimethylamine

131. (e)-n-{2-[({5-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-2-furyl}methyl)sulfanyl]ethyl}-n'-methyl-2-nitroethene-1,1-diamine

132. (e)-n-{2-[({5-[(dimethylamino)methyl]furan-2-yl}methyl)sulfanyl]ethyl}-n'-methyl-2-nitroethene-1,1-diamine

133. 82530-72-1

134. Ac-12712

135. Br166204

136. Sbi-0051043.p003

137. Cas-66357-59-3

138. Cs-0009591

139. D00422

140. D97790

141. Ab00052223-10

142. Ab00052223_11

143. Ab00052223_12

144. 357r355

145. A835434

146. A899862

147. L000504

148. Sr-01000075288-3

149. Brd-k70505054-001-02-9

150. Q21971328

151. N-[2-[[5-[(dimethylamino)methyl]furfuryl]thio]ethyl]-n'-methyl-2-nitro-1,1-ethylenediamine

152. (1e)-n-[2-[[[5-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-2-furanyl]methyl]thio]ethyl]-n'-methyl-2-nitro-1,1-ethenediamine

153. (e)-1-n'-[2-[[5-[(dimethylamino)methyl]furan-2-yl]methylsulfanyl]ethyl]-1-n-methyl-2-nitroethene-1,1-diamine

154. (e)-n-(2-((5-((dimethylamino)methyl)furan-2-yl)methylthio)ethyl)-n-methyl-2-nitroethene-1,1-diamine

155. (e)-n1'-[2-[[5-(dimethylaminomethyl)-2-furyl]methylsulfanyl]ethyl]-n1-methyl-2-nitro-ethene-1,1-diamine

156. (e)-n1'-[2-[[5-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-2-furyl]methylsulfanyl]ethyl]-n1-methyl-2-nitro-ethene-1,1-diamine;ranitidine Base

157. 1,1-ethenediamine, N-[2-[[[5-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-2-furanyl]methyl]thio]ethyl]-n'-methyl-2-nitro-, (e)-

158. N-[(e)-1-(methylamino)-2-nitroethenyl]-2-[[[2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-5-furanyl]methyl]thio]ethanamine

159. N-[2-[[[5-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-2 -furanyl]methyl]thio]ethyl]-n'-methyl-2-nitro-1,1-ethanediamine

160. N-[2-[[[5-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-2-furanyl]methyl]thio]ethyl]-n'-methyl-2-nitro-1,1-ethenediamine

161. N-[2-[[5-(dimethylaminomethyl)furan-2-yl]methylsulfanyl]ethyl]-n'-methyl-2-nitroethene-1,1-diamine

162. N-[2-[[5-[(dimethylamino)methyl]furfuryl]thio]ethyl]-n'-methyl-2-nitrovinylidenediamine Monohydrochloride;ranitidine Hcl

163. N1'-[2-[[5-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-2-furanyl]methylthio]ethyl]-n1-methyl-2-nitroethene-1,1-diamine

2.3 Create Date
2005-03-27
3 Chemical and Physical Properties
Molecular Weight 314.41 g/mol
Molecular Formula C13H22N4O3S
XLogP30.3
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count2
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count7
Rotatable Bond Count9
Exact Mass314.14126175 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass314.14126175 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area112 Ų
Heavy Atom Count21
Formal Charge0
Complexity347
Isotope Atom Count0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count1
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count0
Covalently Bonded Unit Count1
4 Drug and Medication Information
4.1 Drug Information
1 of 4  
Drug NameRanitidine
PubMed HealthRanitidine
Drug ClassesAntiulcer, Gastric Acid Secretion Inhibitor
Drug LabelThe active ingredient in ZANTAC 150 Tablets, ZANTAC 300 Tablets, and ZANTAC Syrup is ranitidine hydrochloride (HCl), USP, a histamine H2-receptor antagonist. Chemically it is N[2-[[[5-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-2-furanyl]methyl]thio]ethyl]-N-methyl-2...
Active IngredientRanitidine
Dosage FormSolution
Routeoral
Strength15mg/ml
Market StatusTentative Approval
CompanyActavis Elizabeth

2 of 4  
Drug NameZantac
PubMed HealthRanitidine (Injection)
Drug ClassesAntiulcer, Gastric Acid Secretion Inhibitor
Drug LabelThe active ingredient in ZANTAC 150 Tablets, ZANTAC 300 Tablets, and ZANTAC Syrup is ranitidine hydrochloride (HCl), USP, a histamine H2-receptor antagonist. Chemically it is N[2-[[[5-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-2-furanyl]methyl]thio]ethyl]-N-methyl-2...
Active IngredientRanitidine hydrochloride
Dosage FormSyrup; Injectable
RouteInjection; Oral
Strengtheq 15mg base/ml; eq 25mg base/ml
Market StatusPrescription
CompanyCovis Injectables; Glaxo Grp

3 of 4  
Drug NameRanitidine
PubMed HealthRanitidine
Drug ClassesAntiulcer, Gastric Acid Secretion Inhibitor
Drug LabelThe active ingredient in ZANTAC 150 Tablets, ZANTAC 300 Tablets, and ZANTAC Syrup is ranitidine hydrochloride (HCl), USP, a histamine H2-receptor antagonist. Chemically it is N[2-[[[5-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-2-furanyl]methyl]thio]ethyl]-N-methyl-2...
Active IngredientRanitidine
Dosage FormSolution
Routeoral
Strength15mg/ml
Market StatusTentative Approval
CompanyActavis Elizabeth

4 of 4  
Drug NameZantac
PubMed HealthRanitidine (Injection)
Drug ClassesAntiulcer, Gastric Acid Secretion Inhibitor
Drug LabelThe active ingredient in ZANTAC 150 Tablets, ZANTAC 300 Tablets, and ZANTAC Syrup is ranitidine hydrochloride (HCl), USP, a histamine H2-receptor antagonist. Chemically it is N[2-[[[5-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-2-furanyl]methyl]thio]ethyl]-N-methyl-2...
Active IngredientRanitidine hydrochloride
Dosage FormSyrup; Injectable
RouteInjection; Oral
Strengtheq 15mg base/ml; eq 25mg base/ml
Market StatusPrescription
CompanyCovis Injectables; Glaxo Grp

4.2 Therapeutic Uses

Anti-Ulcer Agents; Histamine H2 Antagonists

National Library of Medicine's Medical Subject Headings online file (MeSH, 1999)


Ranitidine is effective for the treatment of duodenal or gastric ulcer and relieves symptoms of reflux esophagitis. It heals some NSAID-induced ulcers but does not appear to prevent their initial occurrence. ... Investigationally, this drug prevented aspiration pneumonitis during surgery, and it appears to be useful for the prophylaxis of bleeding due to stress ulcers.

American Medical Association, Council on Drugs. AMA Drug Evaluations Annual 1994. Chicago, IL: American Medical Association, 1994., p. 901


Studies show that ranitidine can adequately inhibit acid secretion in patients with gastric hypersecretory disorders, is safe at high doses, does not cause the antiandrogen side effects frequently seen with high doses of cimetidine, & is threefold more potent than cimetidine. Patients relatively resistant to cimetidine will have proportional resistance to ranitidine.

PMID:6318628 Collen MJ et al; Ann Intern Med 100 (1): 52-8 (1984)


Ranitidine and a placebo were evaluated in the 28 day treatment of duodenal ulcer through an open randomized study performed in 120 patients. At the end of the treatment, ranitidine demonstrated a significantly higher efficacy on ulcer healing as well as on symptom relief in comparison with placebo (P less than 0.05).

Giacosa A et al; Scand J Gastroenterol (Suppl) 17 (72): 215-9 (1982)


For more Therapeutic Uses (Complete) data for RANITIDINE (30 total), please visit the HSDB record page.


4.3 Drug Warning

Minor adverse effects occur infrequently (incidence less than 3%) and include headache and rashes that usually subside with continued therapy, malaise, nausea, constipation, dizziness, and abdominal pain. ... Usual doses of ranitidine only rarely produce confusion, gynecomastia, hyperprolactinemia, sexual dysfunction, bradycardia, blood dyscrasias, or hepatitis.

American Medical Association, Council on Drugs. AMA Drug Evaluations Annual 1994. Chicago, IL: American Medical Association, 1994., p. 901


Reversible blurred vision suggestive of a change in accommodation has occurred rarely. Exacerbation of ocular pain and blurred vision assoc with increased intraocular pressure and chronic glaucoma have been reported in at least one patient during ranitidine therapy. Loss of color vision, which recurred following rechallenge, has also occurred in at least one patient.

McEvoy G.K. (ed.). American Hospital Formulary Service-Drug Information 96. Bethesda, MD: American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Inc. 1996 (Plus Supplements)., p. 2182


Side effects of /ranitidine and cimetidine/ that are hard to explain are headache, dizziness, malaise, myalgia, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and constipation.

Haddad, L.M., Clinical Management of Poisoning and Drug Overdose. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Co., 1990., p. 824


Sexual impotence has occurred in at least one male during ranitidine therapy, but disappeared following discontinuance of the drug; impotence recurred upon rechallenge. Painful gynecomastia also has occurred during oral admin of ranitidine, but disappeared gradually following discontinuance of the drug; gynecomastia reappeared upon rechallenge.

McEvoy G.K. (ed.). American Hospital Formulary Service-Drug Information 96. Bethesda, MD: American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Inc. 1996 (Plus Supplements)., p. 2182


For more Drug Warnings (Complete) data for RANITIDINE (19 total), please visit the HSDB record page.


5 Pharmacology and Biochemistry
5.1 MeSH Pharmacological Classification

Anti-Ulcer Agents

Various agents with different action mechanisms used to treat or ameliorate PEPTIC ULCER or irritation of the gastrointestinal tract. This has included ANTIBIOTICS to treat HELICOBACTER INFECTIONS; HISTAMINE H2 ANTAGONISTS to reduce GASTRIC ACID secretion; and ANTACIDS for symptomatic relief. (See all compounds classified as Anti-Ulcer Agents.)


Histamine H2 Antagonists

Drugs that selectively bind to but do not activate histamine H2 receptors, thereby blocking the actions of histamine. Their clinically most important action is the inhibition of acid secretion in the treatment of gastrointestinal ulcers. Smooth muscle may also be affected. Some drugs in this class have strong effects in the central nervous system, but these actions are not well understood. (See all compounds classified as Histamine H2 Antagonists.)


5.2 FDA Pharmacological Classification
5.2.1 Pharmacological Classes
Histamine-2 Receptor Antagonist [EPC]; Histamine H2 Receptor Antagonists [MoA]
5.3 ATC Code

A02BA02

S66 | EAWAGTPS | Parent-Transformation Product Pairs from Eawag | DOI:10.5281/zenodo.3754448


A02BA02

S66 | EAWAGTPS | Parent-Transformation Product Pairs from Eawag | DOI:10.5281/zenodo.3754448


A02BA02

S66 | EAWAGTPS | Parent-Transformation Product Pairs from Eawag | DOI:10.5281/zenodo.3754448


A02BA02

S66 | EAWAGTPS | Parent-Transformation Product Pairs from Eawag | DOI:10.5281/zenodo.3754448


A - Alimentary tract and metabolism

A02 - Drugs for acid related disorders

A02B - Drugs for peptic ulcer and gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (gord)

A02BA - H2-receptor antagonists

A02BA02 - Ranitidine


5.4 Absorption, Distribution and Excretion

Twelve normal male subjects received 20, 40, or 80 mg of ranitidine orally 90 min before starting a 3-hr continuous infusion of pentagastrin, 2 ug/kg/hr. Ranitidine reduced hydrogen ion output by 29%, 50% and 70% & secretion volume by 21%, 37%, and 47%. Pepsin activity was reduced by 8%, 50% & 49% by the same doses. Peak serum concn was correlated positively with percent reduction in hydrogen ion output (r= 0.81, P= less than 0.001) & volume (r= 0.71, P less than 0.01) over a 2-hr period. A 50% inhibition of hydrogen ion output was associated with a peak ranitidine serum concn of 165 ug/l and subjects reached peak serum concn 60 to 120 min after oral dosing.

PMID:6269788 Lebert PA et al; Clin Pharmacol Ther 30 (4): 539-44 (1981)


Ranitidine is rapidly absorbed from the GI tract following oral admin and from parenteral sites following IM injection; however, following oral admin, the drug undergoes extensive first-pass metabolism. ... The absolute bioavailability of orally admin ranitidine has been reported to be about 50%; similar oral bioavailability of the drug has been reported in children 3.5-16 yr of age. Following oral admin, area under the plasma conc-time curve may be substantially increased in geriatric individuals compared with younger adults. Following IM admin, the absolute bioavailability of ranitidine is 90-100%.

McEvoy G.K. (ed.). American Hospital Formulary Service-Drug Information 96. Bethesda, MD: American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Inc. 1996 (Plus Supplements)., p. 2180


Following oral admin of 150 mg doses, mean peak serum ranitidine conc of 372-545 ng/ml occur within 2-3 hr and may be positively correlated with age in adults. Following oral admin of single doses of the drug in one study, peak serum conc were biphasic in some individuals with an initial peak occurring @ 0.5-1.5 hr after admin and a second peak occurring about 3 hr after admin. Following IM admin of a single 50-mg dose of the drug, mean peak serum ranitidine conc of 576 ng/ml occur within 15 min.

McEvoy G.K. (ed.). American Hospital Formulary Service-Drug Information 96. Bethesda, MD: American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Inc. 1996 (Plus Supplements)., p. 2180


Ranitidine is widely distributed throughout the body and is 10-19% protein bound. The apparent volume of distribution of ranitidine is reported to be 1.2-1.9 l/kg. The apparent volume of distribution in children 3.5-16 yr of age is reported to be 2.3-2.5 l/kg (range: 1.1-3.7 l/kg).

McEvoy G.K. (ed.). American Hospital Formulary Service-Drug Information 96. Bethesda, MD: American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Inc. 1996 (Plus Supplements)., p. 2180


For more Absorption, Distribution and Excretion (Complete) data for RANITIDINE (32 total), please visit the HSDB record page.


5.5 Metabolism/Metabolites

Ranitidine undergoes significant first-pass metabolism after oral admin. It is metabolized in the liver to the pharmacologically inactive desmethylranitidine, ranitidine-N-oxide, and ranitidine-S-oxide.

American Medical Association, Council on Drugs. AMA Drug Evaluations Annual 1994. Chicago, IL: American Medical Association, 1994., p. 902


Less than 10% of an iv or oral dose is excreted as metabolites; 68% to 79% of an iv dose and 30% of an oral dose appear in the urine as unchanged drug.

American Medical Association, Council on Drugs. AMA Drug Evaluations Annual 1994. Chicago, IL: American Medical Association, 1994., p. 902


The chromatographic behavior of putative N-oxide metabolites relative to the parent amino compounds with the aim of predicting retention data for N-oxides is described. Model compounds were evaluated by reversed phase HPLC and standard TLC systems and the data generated to predict retention values for ranitidine N-oxide and tamoxifen N-oxide based upon those of the parent compounds. The deviation between actual and predicted values was larger than expected.

PMID:2100636 Ballard P, Law B; J Pharm Biomed Anal 8 (8-12): 877-80 (1990)


Ranitidine has known human metabolites that include Desmethylranitidine.

S73 | METXBIODB | Metabolite Reaction Database from BioTransformer | DOI:10.5281/zenodo.4056560


5.6 Biological Half-Life

The elimination half-life of ranitidine in adults averages 1.7-3.2 hr and may be positively correlated with age in adults. The elimination half-life is prolonged in patients with renal impairment. In children 3.5-16 yr of age, the elimination half-life averages 1.8-2 hr (range: 1.4-2.9 hr).

McEvoy G.K. (ed.). American Hospital Formulary Service-Drug Information 96. Bethesda, MD: American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Inc. 1996 (Plus Supplements)., p. 2180


In one study following oral admin of a single 150-mg dose of ranitidine in patients with creatinine clearances averaging 27.2 ml/min, the terminal elimination half-life of ranitidine was 8.7 hr; a correlation between the degree of impairment and the elimination half-life of the drug was not apparent. However, in another study in patients with GFRs ... ranging from 3-69 ml/min per 1.73 sq m, ranitidine clearance was shown to correlate with GFR and elimination half-life of ranitidine was correlated with degree of renal impairment. In a study in patients with creatinine clearances of 0.5-34 ml/min, the elimination half-life ranged from 3-10 hr following IV admin of a single 50-mg dose.

McEvoy G.K. (ed.). American Hospital Formulary Service-Drug Information 96. Bethesda, MD: American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Inc. 1996 (Plus Supplements)., p. 2180


The half-life of ranitidine reportedly is prolonged to about 6 hr in geriatric individuals following oral admin of a 100 mg dose of the drug.

McEvoy G.K. (ed.). American Hospital Formulary Service-Drug Information 96. Bethesda, MD: American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Inc. 1996 (Plus Supplements)., p. 2180


5.7 Mechanism of Action

H2 antagonists inhibit gastric acid secretion elicited by histamine and other H2 agonists in a dose dependent, competitive manner; the degree of inhibition parallels the concentration of the drug in plasma over a wide range. The H2 antagonists also inhibit acid secretion elicited by gastrin and, to a lesser extent, by muscarinic agonists. Importantly, these drugs inhibit basal (fasting) and nocturnal acid secretion and that stimulated by food, sham feeding, fundic distention, and various pharmacological agents; this property reflects the vital role of histamine in mediating the effects of diverse stimuli. /H2 Receptor Antagonists/

Gilman, A.G., T.W. Rall, A.S. Nies and P. Taylor (eds.). Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 8th ed. New York, NY. Pergamon Press, 1990., p. 899


... /H2 Antagonists/ measurably inhibit effects on the cardiovascular and other systems that are elicited through H2 receptors by exogenous or endogenous histamine. /H2 Receptor Antagonists/

Gilman, A.G., T.W. Rall, A.S. Nies and P. Taylor (eds.). Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 8th ed. New York, NY. Pergamon Press, 1990., p. 899


...IS A COMPETITIVE ANTAGONIST OF HISTAMINE-INDUCED GASTRIC ACID SECRETION... INHIBITS BOTH THE VOLUME AND CONCENTRATION OF GASTRIC ACID INDUCED NOCTURNALLY AND BY FOOD BUT DOES NOT AFFECT GASTRIC MUCUS OR ITS PRODUCTION. ...DOES NOT AFFECT LOWER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER PRESSURE...

American Medical Association, Council on Drugs. AMA Drug Evaluations Annual 1994. Chicago, IL: American Medical Association, 1994., p. 901


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