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Chemistry

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Also known as: D-mannitol, 69-65-8, Mannite, Osmitrol, Manna sugar, 87-78-5
Molecular Formula
C6H14O6
Molecular Weight
182.17  g/mol
InChI Key
FBPFZTCFMRRESA-KVTDHHQDSA-N
FDA UNII
3OWL53L36A

Mannitol API
A diuretic and renal diagnostic aid related to sorbitol. It has little significant energy value as it is largely eliminated from the body before any metabolism can take place. It can be used to treat oliguria associated with kidney failure or other manifestations of inadequate renal function and has been used for determination of glomerular filtration rate. Mannitol is also commonly used as a research tool in cell biological studies, usually to control osmolarity.
Mannitol is an Osmotic Diuretic. The mechanism of action of mannitol is as an Osmotic Activity. The physiologic effect of mannitol is by means of Increased Diuresis.
1 2D Structure

Mannitol API

2 Identification
2.1 Computed Descriptors
2.1.1 IUPAC Name
(2R,3R,4R,5R)-hexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol
2.1.2 InChI
InChI=1S/C6H14O6/c7-1-3(9)5(11)6(12)4(10)2-8/h3-12H,1-2H2/t3-,4-,5-,6-/m1/s1
2.1.3 InChI Key
FBPFZTCFMRRESA-KVTDHHQDSA-N
2.1.4 Canonical SMILES
C(C(C(C(C(CO)O)O)O)O)O
2.1.5 Isomeric SMILES
C([C@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@@H](CO)O)O)O)O)O
2.2 Other Identifiers
2.2.1 UNII
3OWL53L36A
2.3 Synonyms
2.3.1 MeSH Synonyms

1. (l)-mannitol

2. Osmitrol

3. Osmofundin

2.3.2 Depositor-Supplied Synonyms

1. D-mannitol

2. 69-65-8

3. Mannite

4. Osmitrol

5. Manna Sugar

6. 87-78-5

7. Cordycepic Acid

8. Osmofundin

9. Resectisol

10. D-(-)-mannitol

11. Mannit

12. Osmosal

13. Mannazucker

14. Mannidex

15. Mannigen

16. Mannistol

17. Diosmol

18. Invenex

19. Isotol

20. Mannitol, D-

21. Marine Crystal

22. Maniton-s

23. Mannogem 2080

24. (2r,3r,4r,5r)-hexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol

25. (2r,3r,4r,5r)-hexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexaol

26. Bronchitol

27. Mannitol (van)

28. Aridol

29. Sdm No. 35

30. Hexahydroxyhexane

31. Dl-mannitol

32. Nci-c50362

33. Mannitol (usp)

34. Mannitol [usp]

35. Brn 1721898

36. Chebi:16899

37. Mfcd00064287

38. 3owl53l36a

39. Ins No.421

40. 133-43-7

41. E-421

42. Mannitol-d

43. Ins-421

44. Mannitol 5%

45. Nsc-407017

46. Mannitol [usan]

47. 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexanehexol

48. Mannitol 10%

49. Mannitol 15%

50. Mannitol 20%

51. Ncgc00164246-01

52. E421

53. Mannidex 16700

54. Dsstox_cid_3235

55. Osmitrol 5% In Water

56. Dsstox_rid_76936

57. Osmitrol 10% In Water

58. Osmitrol 15% In Water

59. Osmitrol 20% In Water

60. Dsstox_gsid_23235

61. 287100-73-6

62. Mtl

63. Mannitol 25%

64. Resectisol In Plastic Container

65. Mannitol 5% In Plastic Container

66. Mannitol 10% In Plastic Container

67. Mannitol 15% In Plastic Container

68. Mannitol 20% In Plastic Container

69. Cas-69-65-8

70. Osmitrol (tn)

71. Smr000857324

72. Ccris 369

73. Hsdb 714

74. Sr-01000838849

75. Nsc 9256

76. Einecs 200-711-8

77. Einecs 201-770-2

78. Osmitrol 5% In Water In Plastic Container

79. Nsc 407017

80. Osmitrol 10% In Water In Plastic Container

81. Osmitrol 15% In Water In Plastic Container

82. Osmitrol 20% In Water In Plastic Container

83. Unii-3owl53l36a

84. Cordycepate

85. Mannitolum

86. Manitol

87. D-mitobronitol

88. Mannitol 10% W/ Dextrose 5% In Distilled Water

89. Ai3-19511

90. Maniton S

91. Mannit P

92. D-mannit

93. D-?mannitol

94. Bronchitol (tn)

95. (d)-mannitol

96. Mannitol 25

97. Mannitol 35

98. Mannitol 60

99. D(-)mannitol

100. Mannitol,(s)

101. Pearlitol 25 C

102. Pearlitol 50 C

103. Mannitol M300

104. Pearlitol 160 C

105. Mannitol 200

106. Mannitol 300

107. Pearlitol 200 Sd

108. Pearlitol 300 Dc

109. Mannitol 2080

110. D-mannitol (osmitrol)

111. D-mannitol (jp17)

112. Mannitol [hsdb]

113. Mannitol [inci]

114. Mannitol [fcc]

115. Mannitol 15% W/ Dextrose 5% In Sodium Chloride 0.45%

116. Mannitol 5% W/ Dextrose 5% In Sodium Chloride 0.12%

117. Crystalline Mannitol Fine

118. Mannitol [ii]

119. Mannitol [mi]

120. D-[2-13c]glucitol

121. Mannitol [vandf]

122. D-mannitol, Acs Reagent

123. D-mannitol, >=98%

124. M0044

125. D-mannitol [jan]

126. Mannitol [mart.]

127. Schembl919

128. Bmse000099

129. Chembl689

130. Epitope Id:114705

131. Mannitol [usp-rs]

132. Mannitol [who-dd]

133. Isomalt Impurity, Mannitol-

134. Crystalline Mannitol Standard

135. D-mannitol [who-ip]

136. 4-01-00-02841 (beilstein Handbook Reference)

137. Ed1d1e61-fefb-430a-afdc-d1f4a957fc3d

138. Mls001335977

139. Mls001335978

140. D-mannitol, Biochemical Grade

141. Crystalline Mannitol Extra-fine

142. Mannitol [ep Impurity]

143. Mannitol [orange Book]

144. D-mannitol, Ar, >=99%

145. D-mannitol, Lr, >=99%

146. Mannitol [ep Monograph]

147. Dtxsid1023235

148. Mannitol [usp Monograph]

149. Dtxsid30858955

150. Mannitolum [who-ip Latin]

151. Hms2230n11

152. Amy33410

153. Hy-n0378

154. Zinc2041302

155. Tox21_112092

156. Tox21_201487

157. Tox21_300483

158. Potassiumnonafluoro-t-butoxide

159. Akos006280947

160. D-mannitol, Plant Cell Culture Tested

161. Tox21_112092_1

162. Bcp9000575

163. Ccg-266445

164. D-mannit 1000 Microg/ml In Methanol

165. D-mannitol, Bioxtra, >=98% (gc)

166. Db00742

167. D-mannitol, Nist(r) Srm(r) 920

168. Isomalt Impurity B [ep Impurity]

169. Ncgc00164246-03

170. Ncgc00164246-04

171. Ncgc00164246-05

172. Ncgc00254277-01

173. Ncgc00259038-01

174. 85085-15-0

175. Ac-12776

176. Ac-14054

177. As-30501

178. D-mannitol, Tested According To Ph.eur.

179. D-mannitol, P.a., 96.0-101.5%

180. D-mannitol, Saj First Grade, >=99.0%

181. Sorbitol-mannitol Component Mannitol

182. B2090

183. D-mannitol, Saj Special Grade, >=99.0%

184. E 421

185. S2381

186. Sw220287-1

187. Mannitol Component Of Sorbitol-mannitol

188. C00392

189. D00062

190. Ab00443917_06

191. 065m361

192. Isomalt Impurity, Mannitol- [usp Impurity]

193. Q407646

194. Wurcs=2.0/1,1,0/[h1122h]/1/

195. Q-101039

196. Sr-01000838849-3

197. Sr-01000838849-4

198. D-mannitol, Acs Reagent, For Microbiology, >=99.0%

199. Lactitol Monohydrate Impurity C [ep Impurity]

200. D-mannitol, Meets Ep, Fcc, Usp Testing Specifications

201. Mannitol, European Pharmacopoeia (ep) Reference Standard

202. D-mannitol, Bioultra, >=99.0% (sum Of Enantiomers, Hplc)

203. Mannitol, United States Pharmacopeia (usp) Reference Standard

204. D-mannitol, >=99.9999% (metals Basis), For Boron Determination

205. Mannitol, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material

2.4 Create Date
2004-09-16
3 Chemical and Physical Properties
Molecular Weight 182.17 g/mol
Molecular Formula C6H14O6
XLogP3-3.1
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count6
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count6
Rotatable Bond Count5
Exact Mass182.07903816 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass182.07903816 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area121 Ų
Heavy Atom Count12
Formal Charge0
Complexity105
Isotope Atom Count0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count4
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count0
Covalently Bonded Unit Count1
4 Drug and Medication Information
4.1 Drug Information
1 of 4  
Drug NameAridol
PubMed HealthMannitol
Drug ClassesCardiovascular Agent, Diagnostic Agent, Bronchial, Diagnostic Agent, Kidney Function
Active IngredientMannitol
Dosage FormPowder
Routeinhalation
Strength10mg; 40mg; 20mg
Market StatusPrescription
CompanyPharmaxis

2 of 4  
Drug NameResectisol in plastic container
Active IngredientMannitol
Dosage FormSolution
RouteIrrigation
Strength5gm/100ml
Market StatusPrescription
CompanyB Braun

3 of 4  
Drug NameAridol
PubMed HealthMannitol
Drug ClassesCardiovascular Agent, Diagnostic Agent, Bronchial, Diagnostic Agent, Kidney Function
Active IngredientMannitol
Dosage FormPowder
Routeinhalation
Strength10mg; 40mg; 20mg
Market StatusPrescription
CompanyPharmaxis

4 of 4  
Drug NameResectisol in plastic container
Active IngredientMannitol
Dosage FormSolution
RouteIrrigation
Strength5gm/100ml
Market StatusPrescription
CompanyB Braun

4.2 Therapeutic Uses

Diuretics, Osmotic

National Library of Medicine's Medical Subject Headings online file (MeSH, 1999)


MEDICATION (VET): INTRAAORTIC PRETREATMENT WITH 10% MANNITOL SOLN PRIOR TO INTRAAORTIC CONTRAST ANGIOGRAPHY PROCEDURES GIVES RENAL PROTECTION & REDUCES INCIDENCE OF PARAPLEGIA & AZOTEMIA IN DOGS.

Rossoff, I.S. Handbook of Veterinary Drugs. New York: Springer Publishing Company, 1974., p. 329


MEDICATION (VET): IN DOGS AS OSMOTIC DIURETIC CAUSING CELLULAR DEHYDRATION, TO REDUCE INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE IN GLAUCOMA, & TO REDUCE CEREBRAL EDEMA FOLLOWING SURGERY OR INJURY.

Osol, A. and J.E. Hoover, et al. (eds.). Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences. 15th ed. Easton, Pennsylvania: Mack Publishing Co., 1975., p. 863


DOSE FOR REDUCTION OF INTRACRANIAL PRESSURE & BRAIN MASS PRIOR TO NEUROSURGERY, OR FOR REDUCTION OF INTRAOCULAR TENSION...OF CONGESTIVE GLAUCOMA OR FOR OPHTHALMIC SURGERY, IS 1.5 TO 2 G/KG, GIVEN AS 15 OR 20% SOLN OVER PERIOD OF 30 TO 60 MIN.

Gilman, A. G., L. S. Goodman, and A. Gilman. (eds.). Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 6th ed. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc. 1980., p. 896


For more Therapeutic Uses (Complete) data for D-MANNITOL (15 total), please visit the HSDB record page.


4.3 Drug Warning

IN EDEMATOUS STATES ASSOC WITH DIMINISHED CARDIAC RESERVE, ADMIN OF MANNITOL INTRODUCES A RISK THAT MAY FAR OUTWEIGH ANY THERAPEUTIC BENEFIT.

Goodman, L.S., and A. Gilman. (eds.) The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 5th ed. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc., 1975., p. 822


CONTRAINDICATIONS TO ADMIN OF MANNITOL INCL RENAL DISEASE...ANURIA, MARKED PULMONARY CONGESTION OR EDEMA, MARKED DEHYDRATION, & INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGE... MANNITOL SHOULD BE TERMINATED IF PATIENTS DEVELOPS...PROGRESSIVE RENAL DYSFUNCTION, HEART FAILURE, OR PULMONARY CONGESTION.

Gilman, A. G., L. S. Goodman, and A. Gilman. (eds.). Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 6th ed. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc. 1980., p. 896


ITS SAFE USE DURING PREGNANCY & IN CHILDREN UNDER 12 YR OF AGE HAS NOT BEEN ESTABLISHED.

Osol, A. (ed.). Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences. 16th ed. Easton, Pennsylvania: Mack Publishing Co., 1980., p. 875


FACTITIOUS HYPOPHOSPHATEMIA WAS OBSERVED IN A PATIENT RECEIVING LARGE AMT OF IV MANNITOL. CONCN AS LOW AS 25 MMOL/L INHIBITED PHOSPHORUS MEASUREMENT BY DUPONT ACA ENDPOINT METHOD; A KINETIC METHOD WAS UNAFFECTED. MECHANISM OF MANNITOL INTERFERENCE WAS BINDING TO MOLYBDATE IN REACTION, DECR RATE OF COLOR DEVELOPMENT & ENDPOINT MEASUREMENT.

PMID:6793267 DONHOWE JM ET AL; CLIN CHEM 27 (10): 1765 (1981)


For more Drug Warnings (Complete) data for D-MANNITOL (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.


4.4 Drug Indication

Used for the promotion of diuresis before irreversible renal failure becomes established, the reduction of intracranial pressure, the treatment of cerebral edema, and the promotion of urinary excretion of toxic substances. Mannitol is also indicated as add-on maintenance therapy for improving pulmonary function in cystic fibrosis patients aged 18 and over who have passed the BRONCHITOL tolerance test (BTT). It is recommended that patients take an orally inhaled short-acting bronchodilator 5-15 minutes prior to every inhaled mannitol dose.


FDA Label


Bronchitol is indicated for the treatment of cystic fibrosis (CF) in adults aged 18 years and above as an add-on therapy to best standard of care.


Cystic fibrosis with pulmonary disease


Bowel cleansing prior to clinical procedures


5 Pharmacology and Biochemistry
5.1 Pharmacology

Chemically, mannitol is an alcohol and a sugar, or a polyol; it is similar to xylitol or sorbitol. However, mannitol has a tendency to lose a hydrogen ion in aqueous solutions, which causes the solution to become acidic. For this reason, it is not uncommon to add a substance to adjust its pH, such as sodium bicarbonate. Mannitol is commonly used to increase urine production (diuretic). It is also used to treat or prevent medical conditions that are caused by an increase in body fluids/water (e.g., cerebral edema, glaucoma, kidney failure). Mannitol is frequently given along with other diuretics (e.g., furosemide, chlorothiazide) and/or IV fluid replacement. Inhaled mannitol has the possibility to cause bronchospasm and hemoptysis; the occurrence of either should lead to discontinuation of inhaled mannitol.


5.2 MeSH Pharmacological Classification

Sweetening Agents

Substances that sweeten food, beverages, medications, etc., such as sugar, saccharine or other low-calorie synthetic products. (From Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed) (See all compounds classified as Sweetening Agents.)


Diuretics, Osmotic

Compounds that increase urine volume by increasing the amount of osmotically active solute in the urine. Osmotic diuretics also increase the osmolarity of plasma. (See all compounds classified as Diuretics, Osmotic.)


5.3 FDA Pharmacological Classification
5.3.1 Active Moiety
MANNITOL
5.3.2 FDA UNII
3OWL53L36A
5.3.3 Pharmacological Classes
Osmotic Activity [MoA]; Osmotic Diuretic [EPC]; Increased Diuresis [PE]
5.4 ATC Code

R05CB16


B05BC01

S76 | LUXPHARMA | Pharmaceuticals Marketed in Luxembourg | Pharmaceuticals marketed in Luxembourg, as published by d'Gesondheetskeess (CNS, la caisse nationale de sante, www.cns.lu), mapped by name to structures using CompTox by R. Singh et al. (in prep.). List downloaded from https://cns.public.lu/en/legislations/textes-coordonnes/liste-med-comm.html. Dataset DOI:10.5281/zenodo.4587355


A - Alimentary tract and metabolism

A06 - Drugs for constipation

A06A - Drugs for constipation

A06AD - Osmotically acting laxatives

A06AD16 - Mannitol


B - Blood and blood forming organs

B05 - Blood substitutes and perfusion solutions

B05B - I.v. solutions

B05BC - Solutions producing osmotic diuresis

B05BC01 - Mannitol


B - Blood and blood forming organs

B05 - Blood substitutes and perfusion solutions

B05C - Irrigating solutions

B05CX - Other irrigating solutions

B05CX04 - Mannitol


R - Respiratory system

R05 - Cough and cold preparations

R05C - Expectorants, excl. combinations with cough suppressants

R05CB - Mucolytics

R05CB16 - Mannitol


V - Various

V04 - Diagnostic agents

V04C - Other diagnostic agents

V04CX - Other diagnostic agents

V04CX04 - Mannitol


5.5 Absorption, Distribution and Excretion

Absorption

Approximately 7% of ingested mannitol is absorbed during gastrointestinal perfusion in uremic patients. Inhalation of 635 mg of mannitol powder yields a plasma Cmax of 13.71 g/mL in 1.5 hours (Tmax) and a mean systemic AUC of 73.15 g\*h/mL.


Route of Elimination

Mannitol is primarily excreted unchanged in the urine. Following oral inhalation of 635 mg of mannitol in healthy volunteers, 55% of the total dose was recovered unchanged in the urine; following oral or intravenous administration of 500 mg, the corresponding values were 54 and 87%, respectively.


Volume of Distribution

Mannitol administered intravenously has a volume of distribution of 34.3 L.


Clearance

Intravenous administration of mannitol yields a total clearance of 5.1 L/hr and renal clearance of 4.4 L/hr.


MANNITOL IS GENERALLY REGARDED AS BEING UNABSORBED FROM GI TRACT. HOWEVER, RECENT WORK CONTRADICTS THIS BELIEF, FOR 18% OF ORAL DOSE OF D-(14)C MANNITOL WAS RECOVERED UNCHANGED IN 48-HR URINE OF HUMAN SUBJECTS & UP TO 19% AS CO2 IN EXPIRED AIR IN 12 HR. 32% PRESENT IN FECES IN 48 HR...UNABSORBED MATERIAL.

The Chemical Society. Foreign Compound Metabolism in Mammals. Volume 2: A Review of the Literature Published Between 1970 and 1971. London: The Chemical Society, 1972., p. 160


SUBSTANCES /MANNITOL/ HAVING APPARENT VOL OF DISTRIBUTION CORRESPONDING TO TOTAL EXTRACELLUR WATER, WHICH IS ABOUT 20% BODY WT...PENETRATE CAPILLARY MEMBRANES BUT DO NOT PENETRATE CELLULAR MEMBRANES.

LaDu, B.N., H.G. Mandel, and E.L. Way. Fundamentals of Drug Metabolism and Disposition. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1971., p. 52


MANNITOL UNDERGOES VERY LITTLE REABSORPTION, & FOR MANY PRACTICAL PURPOSES TUBULE MAY BE CONSIDERED TO BE IMPERMEABLE TO IT. ...OSMOTIC DIURETICS, WHICH, BY DEFINITION, ARE POORLY REABSORBED BY RENAL TUBULES, ARE ALSO NOT ABSORBED FROM GI TRACT. ...THESE AGENTS MUST BE ADMIN PARENTERALLY...TO ACHIEVE EFFECTIVE PLASMA CONCN.

Goodman, L.S., and A. Gilman. (eds.) The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 5th ed. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc., 1975., p. 821


5.6 Metabolism/Metabolites

Mannitol is metabolized only slightly, if at all, to glycogen in the liver.


...POLYHYDRIC SUGAR ALC...MANNITOL (C6H14O6)...LARGELY EXCRETED UNCHANGED IN URINE.

Parke, D. V. The Biochemistry of Foreign Compounds. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1968., p. 140


MANNITOL OCCURS IN LARGE AMT IN SPORES OF ASPERGILLUS ORYZAE, WHERE IT IS RAPIDLY METABOLIZED IN EARLY STAGES OF GERMINATION. IT IS CONVERTED TO FRUCTOSE BY D-MANNITOL DEHYDROGENASE...

Bergmeyer, H.W. (ed.). Methods of Enzymatic Analysis. 2nd English ed. New York City: Academic Press, 1974., p. 1271


...FATE OF MANNITOL IN ANIMAL BODY (MONKEYS, RABBITS, RATS, DOGS, ETC) AFTER ABSORPTION FROM DIGESTIVE TRACT INCL LIMITED CONVERSION TO GLYCOGEN IN LIVER & ELIMINATION OF BALANCE UNCHANGED IN URINE.

Rossoff, I.S. Handbook of Veterinary Drugs. New York: Springer Publishing Company, 1974., p. 329


5.7 Biological Half-Life

Mannitol has an elimination half-life of 4.7 hours following oral administration; the mean terminal elimination half-life is similar regardless of administration route (oral, inhalation, and intravenous.


5.8 Mechanism of Action

Mannitol is an osmotic diuretic that is metabolically inert in humans and occurs naturally, as a sugar or sugar alcohol, in fruits and vegetables. Mannitol elevates blood plasma osmolality, resulting in enhanced flow of water from tissues, including the brain and cerebrospinal fluid, into interstitial fluid and plasma. As a result, cerebral edema, elevated intracranial pressure, and cerebrospinal fluid volume and pressure may be reduced. As a diurectic mannitol induces diuresis because it is not reabsorbed in the renal tubule, thereby increasing the osmolality of the glomerular filtrate, facilitating excretion of water, and inhibiting the renal tubular reabsorption of sodium, chloride, and other solutes. Mannitol promotes the urinary excretion of toxic materials and protects against nephrotoxicity by preventing the concentration of toxic substances in the tubular fluid. As an Antiglaucoma agent mannitol levates blood plasma osmolarity, resulting in enhanced flow of water from the eye into plasma and a consequent reduction in intraocular pressure. As a renal function diagnostic aid mannitol is freely filtered by the glomeruli with less than 10% tubular reabsorption. Therefore, its urinary excretion rate may serve as a measurement of glomerular filtration rate (GFR). The exact mechanism of action of inhaled mannitol in the symptomatic maintenance treatment of cystic fibrosis remains unclear. It is hypothesized that mannitol produces an osmotic gradient across the airway epithelium that draws fluid into the extracellular space and alters the properties of the airway surface mucus layer, allowing easier mucociliary clearance.


MANNITOL IS.../USED/ IN PROPHYLAXIS OF ACUTE RENAL FAILURE. IT IS USED FOR THIS PURPOSE IN CONDITIONS AS DIVERSE AS CARDIOVASCULAR OPERATIONS, SEVERE TRAUMATIC INJURY, OPERATIONS IN THE PRESENCE OF SEVERE JAUNDICE, AND MGMNT OF HEMOLYTIC TRANSFUSION REACTIONS. IN EACH OF THESE CONDITIONS, A PRECIPITOUS FALL IN THE FLOW OF URINE MAY BE ANTICIPATED EITHER AS THE RESULT OF AN ACUTELY REDUCED FILTRATION RATE OR FROM ACUTE CHANGES IN TUBULAR PERMEABILITY. THE LATTER MAY BE CONSEQUENCE OF THE PRESENCE OF NOXIOUS AGENT WITHIN THE TUBULAR FLUID IN EXCESSIVELY HIGH CONCN, IN SOME INSTANCES SUFFICIENT TO RESULT IN ACTUAL PRECIPITATION. IN THESE SITUATIONS, MANNITOL EXERTS OSMOTIC EFFECT WITHIN THE TUBULAR FLUID, INHIBITS WATER REABSORPTION, & MAINTAINS THE RATE OF URINE FLOW. ...CONCN OF TOXIC AGENT WITHIN TUBULAR FLUID DOES NOT REACH EXCESSIVELY HIGH LEVELS THAT OTHERWISE WOULD HAVE BEEN ACHIEVED BY MORE COMPLETE REABSORPTION OF WATER.

Gilman, A. G., L. S. Goodman, and A. Gilman. (eds.). Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 6th ed. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc. 1980., p. 895


...EVEN THOUGH /GLOMERULAR/ FILTRATION RATE IS REDUCED, MANNITOL IS STILL FILTERED @ GLOMERULUS. THE TUBULAR IMPERMEABILITY TO MANNITOL IS NOT ALTERED BY ACUTE RENAL ISCHEMIA OF SHORT DURATION. HENCE, THE MANNITOL THAT IS FILTERED IS ALSO EXCRETED IN THE VOIDED URINE. UNREABSORBED SOLUTE LIMITS BACK DIFFUSION OF WATER. ...URINE VOL CAN BE MAINTAINED EVEN IN PRESENCE OF DECR GLOMERULAR FILTRATION.

Gilman, A. G., L. S. Goodman, and A. Gilman. (eds.). Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 6th ed. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc. 1980., p. 894


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Gonane Pharma

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Virtual BoothGonane has API manufacturing expertise in new-age Corticosteroids, Hormones and other pharma raw materials.

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U.S.A

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  • EDQM
  • WHO-GMP

Virtual BoothPharm-Rx is a reputed global importer and distributor of pharmaceutical active ingredients.

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Pharm RX

03

Pfanstiehl

U.S.A

USDMF, CEP/COS, JDMF, EU-WC, NDC, KDMF, VMF, Others

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Medlab Asia & Asia Health
Not Confirmed
  • fda
  • EDQM
  • WHO-GMP

Virtual BoothPfanstiehl, a global leader in the manufacture of cGMP high purity, low endotoxin, low metals (HPLE-LM)TM injectable grade excipients.

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