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Glatiramer

Synopsis, Chemistry

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Also known as: 28704-27-0, Cop-1, (2s)-2-amino-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid;(2s)-2-aminopentanedioic acid;(2s)-2-aminopropanoic acid;(2s)-2,6-diaminohexanoic acid, Dtxsid50182865

Molecular Formula

C₂₃H₄₁N₅O₁₁

Molecular Weight

563.6 g/mol

InChI Key

YLOCGHYTXIINAI-XKUOMLDTSA-N

Glatiramer acetate consists of the acetate salts of synthetic polypeptides, containing four naturally occurring amino acids: L-glutamic acid, L-alanine, L-tyrosine, and L-lysine with an average molar fraction of 0.141, 0.427, 0.095, and 0.338, respectively. The average molecular weight of glatiramer acetate is 5,000-9,000 daltons. It is an immunomodulator, licensed in much of the world for reduced frequency of relapses in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis.

1 2D Structure

Glatiramer

2 Identification

2.1 Computed Descriptors

2.1.1 IUPAC Name

(2S)-2-amino-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid;(2S)-2-aminopentanedioic acid;(2S)-2-aminopropanoic acid;(2S)-2,6-diaminohexanoic acid

2.1.2 InChI

InChI=1S/C9H11NO3.C6H14N2O2.C5H9NO4.C3H7NO2/c10-8(9(12)13)5-6-1-3-7(11)4-2-6;7-4-2-1-3-5(8)6(9)10;6-3(5(9)10)1-2-4(7)8;1-2(4)3(5)6/h1-4,8,11H,5,10H2,(H,12,13);5H,1-4,7-8H2,(H,9,10);3H,1-2,6H2,(H,7,8)(H,9,10);2H,4H2,1H3,(H,5,6)/t8-;5-;3-;2-/m0000/s1

2.1.3 InChI Key

YLOCGHYTXIINAI-XKUOMLDTSA-N

2.1.4 Canonical SMILES

CC(C(=O)O)N.C1=CC(=CC=C1CC(C(=O)O)N)O.C(CCN)CC(C(=O)O)N.C(CC(=O)O)C(C(=O)O)N

2.1.5 Isomeric SMILES

C[C@@H](C(=O)O)N.C1=CC(=CC=C1C[C@@H](C(=O)O)N)O.C(CCN)C[C@@H](C(=O)O)N.C(CC(=O)O)[C@@H](C(=O)O)N

2.2 Synonyms

2.2.1 Depositor-Supplied Synonyms

1. 28704-27-0

2. Cop-1

3. (2s)-2-amino-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic Acid;(2s)-2-aminopentanedioic Acid;(2s)-2-aminopropanoic Acid;(2s)-2,6-diaminohexanoic Acid

4. Dtxsid50182865

2.3 Create Date

2005-08-08

3 Chemical and Physical Properties

Molecular Formula	C₂₃H₄₁N₅O₁₁
Molecular Weight	563.6 g/mol
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count	11
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count	16
Rotatable Bond Count	13
Exact Mass	563.28025714 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass	563.28025714 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area	337 Å²
Heavy Atom Count	39
Formal Charge	0
Complexity	488
Isotope Atom Count	0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count	4
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count	0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count	0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count	0
Covalently Bonded Unit Count	4

4 Drug and Medication Information

4.1 Drug Indication

For reduction of the frequency of relapses in patients with Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis.

FDA Label

5 Pharmacology and Biochemistry

5.1 Pharmacology

Glatiramer acetate was originally designed to mimic a protein in myelin, called myelin basic protein, with the intention of inducing EAE (an animal model of MS). Quite to the contrary, it was found to suppress the disease and as a result came to be trialed in human MS. There is some evidence that Glatiramer acetate converts the body's immune response from a Th1 type to a Th2 one, promotes suppressor T cells or acts as an altered peptide ligand. Studies in animals and in vitro systems suggest that upon its administration, glatiramer acetate-specific suppressor T-cells are induced and activated in the periphery. Some fraction of the injected material, either intact or partially hydrolyzed, is presumed to enter the lymphatic circulation, enabling it to reach regional lymph nodes, and some may enter the systemic circulation intact.

5.2 Metabolism/Metabolites

Hydrolyzed by proteases

5.3 Mechanism of Action

Glatiramer acetate (GA) exhibits strong and promiscuous binding to MHC molecules (HLA DRB1* variants) and consequent competition with various myelin antigens for their presentation to T cells. A further aspect of its action is potent induction of specific suppressor cells of the T helper 2 (Th2) type that migrate to the brain and lead to in situ bystander suppression. Furthermore, the GA-specific cells in the brain express the anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10 and transforming growth factor beta, in addition to brain-derived neurotrophic factor, whereas they do not express the inflammatory cytokine IFN-gamma. Recent evidence also suggests that Glatiramer acetate directly inhibits dendritic cells and monocytes - both of which are circulating antigen presenting cells.