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    Chemistry

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    Also known as: Dl-hyoscyamine, Tropine tropate, Atropen, Atropin, 51-55-8, Dl-tropyltropate
    Molecular Formula
    C17H23NO3
    Molecular Weight
    289.4  g/mol
    InChI Key
    RKUNBYITZUJHSG-PJPHBNEVSA-N
    FDA UNII
    7C0697DR9I
    Atropine
    An alkaloid, originally from Atropa belladonna, but found in other plants, mainly SOLANACEAE. Hyoscyamine is the 3(S)-endo isomer of atropine.
    Atropine is an Anticholinergic and Cholinergic Muscarinic Antagonist. The mechanism of action of atropine is as a Cholinergic Antagonist and Cholinergic Muscarinic Antagonist.
    1 2D Structure

    Atropine

    2 Identification
    2.1 Computed Descriptors
    2.1.1 IUPAC Name
    [(1R,5S)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl] 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate
    2.1.2 InChI
    InChI=1S/C17H23NO3/c1-18-13-7-8-14(18)10-15(9-13)21-17(20)16(11-19)12-5-3-2-4-6-12/h2-6,13-16,19H,7-11H2,1H3/t13-,14+,15?,16?
    2.1.3 InChI Key
    RKUNBYITZUJHSG-PJPHBNEVSA-N
    2.1.4 Canonical SMILES
    CN1C2CCC1CC(C2)OC(=O)C(CO)C3=CC=CC=C3
    2.1.5 Isomeric SMILES
    CN1[C@@H]2CC[C@H]1CC(C2)OC(=O)C(CO)C3=CC=CC=C3
    2.2 Other Identifiers
    2.2.1 UNII
    7C0697DR9I
    2.3 Synonyms
    2.3.1 MeSH Synonyms

    1. Anhydrous, Atropine Sulfate

    2. Atropen

    3. Atropin Augenl

    4. Atropine Sulfate

    5. Atropine Sulfate Anhydrous

    6. Atropinol

    7. Augenl, Atropin

    8. Sulfate Anhydrous, Atropine

    9. Sulfate, Atropine

    2.3.2 Depositor-Supplied Synonyms

    1. Dl-hyoscyamine

    2. Tropine Tropate

    3. Atropen

    4. Atropin

    5. 51-55-8

    6. Dl-tropyltropate

    7. Atropinol

    8. Eyesules

    9. Isopto-atropine

    10. Troyl Tropate

    11. Hyoscyamine

    12. Atropina

    13. Atropin-flexiolen

    14. (+,-)-tropyl Tropate

    15. Atropin [german]

    16. Atropina [italian]

    17. (+-)-hyoscyamine

    18. Tropine, Tropate (ester)

    19. (+-)-atropine

    20. Tropic Acid, Ester With Tropine

    21. (+/-)-atropine

    22. (+/-)-hyoscyamine

    23. Ccris 3080

    24. Atropine (usp)

    25. Tropic Acid, 3-alpha-tropanyl Ester

    26. Atropinum

    27. Hsdb 2199

    28. Dl-tropanyl 2-hydroxy-1-phenylpropionate

    29. 2-phenylhydracrylic Acid 3-alpha-tropanyl Ester

    30. (3-endo)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-3-yl Tropate

    31. Ai3-60219

    32. Beta-phenyl-gamma-oxypropionsaure-tropyl-ester [german]

    33. Dl-tropyl Tropate

    34. (3-endo)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-3-yl 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate

    35. 1alphah,5alphah-tropan-3alpha-ol (+-)-tropate (ester)

    36. Beta-phenyl-gamma-oxypropionsaeure-tropyl-ester [german]

    37. Tropan-3alpha-yl 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate

    38. 8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-3-yl Tropate

    39. Mls000069795

    40. Chebi:16684

    41. 7c0697dr9i

    42. 8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-3-yl 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate

    43. [(1s,5r)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-3-yl] 3-hydroxy-2-phenyl-propanoate

    44. Alpha-(hydroxymethyl)benzeneacetic Acid 8-methyl-8-azabicyclo(3.2.1)oct-3-yl Ester

    45. Endo-(+/-)-alpha-(hydroxymethyl)benzeneacetic Acid 8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-3-yl Ester

    46. Benzeneacetic Acid, Alpha-(hydroxymethyl)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo(3,2,1)oct-3-yl Ester, Endo-(+-)-

    47. Ncgc00017333-03

    48. Smr000058248

    49. Dsstox_cid_113

    50. Ab00694549-11

    51. Dsstox_rid_75375

    52. Dsstox_gsid_20113

    53. Benzeneacetic Acid, Alpha-(hydroxymethyl)-, 8-methyl-8-azabicyclo(3.2.1)oct-3-yl Ester, Endo-(+-)-

    54. Cas-51-55-8

    55. Atropen (tn)

    56. Protamine & Atropine

    57. Atropine [usp:ban]

    58. Einecs 200-104-8

    59. Tropine (+/-)-tropate

    60. Ropine Tropate

    61. Unii-7c0697dr9i

    62. (3-endo)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo(3.2.1)oct-3-yl Tropate

    63. Atropine Solution

    64. (1r,3r,5s)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate

    65. Ncgc00159345-02

    66. 3-tropoyloxytropane

    67. 1-alpha-h,5-alpha-h-tropan-3-alpha-ol (+-)-tropate (ester)

    68. Atropine [mi]

    69. Atropine [vandf]

    70. Atropinum [hpus]

    71. Opera_id_1088

    72. Atropine [mart.]

    73. Beta-phenyl-gamma-oxypropionsaure-tropyl-ester

    74. Atropine [usp-rs]

    75. Atropine [who-dd]

    76. Bmse000649

    77. Beta-phenyl-gamma-oxypropionsaeure-tropyl-ester

    78. Schembl2812

    79. [(1r,5s)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl] 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate

    80. Atropine, Analytical Standard

    81. Gtpl320

    82. Benzeneacetic Acid, Alpha-(hydroxymethyl)-, (3-endo)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo(3.2.1)oct-3-yl Ester

    83. Mls001148094

    84. Mls002695888

    85. Atropine [green Book]

    86. Atnaa Component Atropine

    87. Atropine [ep Impurity]

    88. Atropine [orange Book]

    89. Chembl254656

    90. Chembl475124

    91. Chembl517712

    92. Cid_174174

    93. Megxp0_001878

    94. Atropine [ep Monograph]

    95. Atropine ((+/-))

    96. Atropine [usp Monograph]

    97. Atropine, (+/-)-

    98. Dtxsid4020113

    99. Acon1_000046

    100. Chebi:78734

    101. Duodote Component Atropine

    102. Atropine, >=95.0% (nt)

    103. Atropine Component Of Atnaa

    104. Bdbm200229

    105. Dtxsid601141720

    106. Hms2089a16

    107. Hms2231g17

    108. Hms3259m13

    109. Bcp15060

    110. Hy-b1205

    111. Atropine Component Of Duodote

    112. Atropine, >=99% (tlc), Powder

    113. Tox21_110816

    114. Tox21_111590

    115. Tox21_200487

    116. 1-alpha-h,5-alpha-h-tropan-3-alpha-ol (+-)-tropate (ester) (8ci)

    117. Bdbm50403547

    118. S4713

    119. Akos015955538

    120. Cs-4834

    121. Db00572

    122. Nc00493

    123. Ncgc00017333-02

    124. Ncgc00017333-04

    125. Ncgc00017333-05

    126. Ncgc00017333-06

    127. Ncgc00142514-01

    128. Ncgc00142514-03

    129. Ncgc00258041-01

    130. Ncgc00385525-01

    131. As-56020

    132. Benzeneacetic Acid, Alpha-(hydroxymethyl)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo(3.2.1)oct-3-yl Ester, Endo-(+-)-

    133. Atropine, Meets Usp Testing Specifications

    134. C1504

    135. Ft-0627165

    136. C01479

    137. D00113

    138. Q26272

    139. Ab00694549-12

    140. Ab00694549_14

    141. Rac-tropan-3alpha-yl 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate

    142. Brd-a27290375-001-01-8

    143. Brd-a27290375-330-01-1

    144. Atropine, European Pharmacopoeia (ep) Reference Standard

    145. Homatropine Hydrobromide Impurity D [ep Impurity]

    146. 1.alpha.h,5.alpha.h-tropan-3.alpha.-ol (+/-)-tropate (ester)

    147. (3-exo)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-3-yl Alpha-(hydroxymethyl)benzeneacetate

    148. [(1r,5s)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl] 3-hydroxy-2-phenyl-propanoate

    149. [(1s,5r)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl] 3-hydroxy-2-phenyl-propanoate

    150. Alpha-hydroxymethylphenylacetic Acid (1r,5s)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane-3-yl Ester

    151. Atropine For Peak Identification, European Pharmacopoeia (ep) Reference Standard

    152. Rac-(3-endo)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-3-yl 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate

    153. (1beta,3alpha,5beta)-3-[(3-hydroxy-1-oxo-2-phenylpropyl)oxy]-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane

    154. 16175-85-2

    155. Benzeneacetic Acid, .alpha.-(hydroxymethyl)-(3-endo)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo(3.2.1)oct-3-yl Ester

    156. Benzeneacetic Acid, .alpha.-(hydroxymethyl)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo(3.2.1)oct-3-yl Ester, Endo-(+/-)-

    157. Benzeneacetic Acid, Alpha-(hydroxymethyl)- (3-endo)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo(3.2.1)oct-3-yl Ester

    158. Benzeneacetic Acid, Alpha-(hydroxymethyl)-, 8-methyl-8-azabicyclo(3.2.1)oct-3-yl Ester, Endo-(+/-)-

    2.4 Create Date
    2005-06-01
    3 Chemical and Physical Properties
    Molecular Weight 289.4 g/mol
    Molecular Formula C17H23NO3
    XLogP31.8
    Hydrogen Bond Donor Count1
    Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count4
    Rotatable Bond Count5
    Exact Mass289.16779360 g/mol
    Monoisotopic Mass289.16779360 g/mol
    Topological Polar Surface Area49.8 Ų
    Heavy Atom Count21
    Formal Charge0
    Complexity353
    Isotope Atom Count0
    Defined Atom Stereocenter Count2
    Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count1
    Defined Bond Stereocenter Count0
    Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count0
    Covalently Bonded Unit Count1
    4 Drug and Medication Information
    4.1 Drug Information
    1 of 2  
    Drug NameAtropen
    PubMed HealthAtropine (Injection)
    Drug ClassesAnesthetic Adjunct, Cholinergic Antagonist, Gastrointestinal Agent, Nerve Gas Antidote, Urinary Antispasmodic
    Drug LabelEach prefilled auto-injector provides a dose of the antidote atropine in a self-contained unit, specially designed for self or caregiver administration. Four strengths of AtroPen are available; they are AtroPen 0.25 mg, AtroPen 0.5 mg, AtroPen...
    Active IngredientAtropine
    Dosage FormInjectable
    RouteInjection
    Strengtheq 0.25mg sulfate/0.3ml; eq 1mg sulfate/0.7ml; eq 0.5mg sulfate/0.7ml; eq 2mg sulfate/0.7ml
    Market StatusPrescription
    CompanyMeridian Medcl

    2 of 2  
    Drug NameAtropen
    PubMed HealthAtropine (Injection)
    Drug ClassesAnesthetic Adjunct, Cholinergic Antagonist, Gastrointestinal Agent, Nerve Gas Antidote, Urinary Antispasmodic
    Drug LabelEach prefilled auto-injector provides a dose of the antidote atropine in a self-contained unit, specially designed for self or caregiver administration. Four strengths of AtroPen are available; they are AtroPen 0.25 mg, AtroPen 0.5 mg, AtroPen...
    Active IngredientAtropine
    Dosage FormInjectable
    RouteInjection
    Strengtheq 0.25mg sulfate/0.3ml; eq 1mg sulfate/0.7ml; eq 0.5mg sulfate/0.7ml; eq 2mg sulfate/0.7ml
    Market StatusPrescription
    CompanyMeridian Medcl

    4.2 Therapeutic Uses

    Adjuvants, Anesthesia; Anti-Arrhythmia Agents; Antidotes; Bronchodilator Agents; Muscarinic Antagonists; Mydriatics; Parasympatholytics

    National Library of Medicine's Medical Subject Headings online file (MeSH, 1999)

    ... people poisoned by anticholinesterase organic phosphorus compounds have an increased tolerance for atropine sulfate.

    Hayes, W.J., Jr., E.R. Laws, Jr., (eds.). Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology. Volume 2. Classes of Pesticides. New York, NY: Academic Press, Inc., 1991., p. 951

    MEDICATION (VET): ...USED ROUTINELY AS ADJUNCT TO GENERAL ANESTHESIA...TO DECR SALIVARY & AIRWAY SECRETIONS. ... USED TO FACILITATE OPHTHALMOSCOPIC EXAM OF INTERNAL OCULAR STRUCTURES & FUNCTIONS &...FOR TREATMENT OF VARIOUS OCULAR DISORDERS. ... ATROPINE IS ESSENTIAL ANTIDOTE TO ANTICHOLINESTERASE OVERDOSAGE & POISONING.

    Jones, L.M., et al. Veterinary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 4th ed. Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1977., p. 159

    Adequate doses of atropine can abolish many types of reflex vagal cardiac slowing or asystole--for example, from inhalation of irritant vapors, stimulation of the carotid sinus, pressure on the eyeballs, peritoneal stimulation, or injection of contrast dye during cardiac catheterization. It also prevents or abruptly abolishes bradycardia or asystole caused by choline esters, acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, or other parasympathomimetic drugs, as well as cardiac arrest from electrical stimulation of the vagus.

    Hardman, J.G., L.E. Limbird, P.B., A.G. Gilman. Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 10th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 2001., p. 165

    For more Therapeutic Uses (Complete) data for ATROPINE (24 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

    4.3 Drug Warning

    FATALITIES FROM ATROPINE...ARE RARE, BUT SOMETIMES OCCUR IN CHILDREN. OF ALL POTENT ALKALOIDS, ATROPINE HAS ONE OF WIDEST MARGINS OF SAFETY. FATAL DOSE... NOT KNOWN; 200-MG DOSE..USED THERAPEUTICALLY FOR MENTAL ILLNESS, &...1000 MG HAVE BEEN SURVIVED. IN CHILDREN, 10 MG OR LESS MAY BE LETHAL.

    Goodman, L.S., and A. Gilman. (eds.) The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 5th ed. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc., 1975., p. 522

    DRY MOUTH, BLURRED VISION, PHOTOPHOBIA, ANHIDROSIS, & CONSTIPATION ARE UNAVOIDABLE SIDE EFFECTS...

    Osol, A. and J.E. Hoover, et al. (eds.). Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences. 15th ed. Easton, Pennsylvania: Mack Publishing Co., 1975., p. 840

    ...CONTRAINDICATED IN PERSONS WHOSE INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE IS...ELEVATED...IN PRESENCE OF PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY OR ORGANIC PYLORIC STENOSIS. ...USED CAUTIOUSLY IN PT WITH PROSTATISM, URINARY RETENTION, DIABETES, HYPERTHYROIDISM, TACHYCARDIA, IN ELDERLY PERSONS, & CHILDREN UNDER 6 YR OF AGE.

    Osol, A. and J.E. Hoover, et al. (eds.). Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences. 15th ed. Easton, Pennsylvania: Mack Publishing Co., 1975., p. 840

    ATROPINE IS OF NO VALUE IN DELAYED TYPE OF MUSHROOM POISONING DUE TO TOXINS OF A PHALLOIDES & CERTAIN OTHER SPECIES OF SAME GENUS.

    Goodman, L.S., and A. Gilman. (eds.) The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 5th ed. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc., 1975., p. 531

    For more Drug Warnings (Complete) data for ATROPINE (16 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

    4.4 Drug Indication

    For the treatment of poisoning by susceptible organophosphorous nerve agents having anti-cholinesterase activity (cholinesterase inhibitors) as well as organophosphorous or carbamate insecticides.

    FDA Label

    5 Pharmacology and Biochemistry
    5.1 Pharmacology

    Atropine, a naturally occurring belladonna alkaloid, is a racemic mixture of equal parts of d- and l-hyoscyamine, whose activity is due almost entirely to the levo isomer of the drug. Atropine is commonly classified as an anticholinergic or antiparasympathetic (parasympatholytic) drug. More precisely, however, it is termed an antimuscarinic agent since it antagonizes the muscarine-like actions of acetylcholine and other choline esters. Adequate doses of atropine abolish various types of reflex vagal cardiac slowing or asystole. The drug also prevents or abolishes bradycardia or asystole produced by injection of choline esters, anticholinesterase agents or other parasympathomimetic drugs, and cardiac arrest produced by stimulation of the vagus. Atropine may also lessen the degree of partial heart block when vagal activity is an etiologic factor. Atropine in clinical doses counteracts the peripheral dilatation and abrupt decrease in blood pressure produced by choline esters. However, when given by itself, atropine does not exert a striking or uniform effect on blood vessels or blood pressure.

    5.2 MeSH Pharmacological Classification

    Adjuvants, Anesthesia

    Agents that are administered in association with anesthetics to increase effectiveness, improve delivery, or decrease required dosage. (See all compounds classified as Adjuvants, Anesthesia.)

    Anti-Arrhythmia Agents

    Agents used for the treatment or prevention of cardiac arrhythmias. They may affect the polarization-repolarization phase of the action potential, its excitability or refractoriness, or impulse conduction or membrane responsiveness within cardiac fibers. Anti-arrhythmia agents are often classed into four main groups according to their mechanism of action: sodium channel blockade, beta-adrenergic blockade, repolarization prolongation, or calcium channel blockade. (See all compounds classified as Anti-Arrhythmia Agents.)

    Muscarinic Antagonists

    Drugs that bind to but do not activate MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS, thereby blocking the actions of endogenous ACETYLCHOLINE or exogenous agonists. Muscarinic antagonists have widespread effects including actions on the iris and ciliary muscle of the eye, the heart and blood vessels, secretions of the respiratory tract, GI system, and salivary glands, GI motility, urinary bladder tone, and the central nervous system. (See all compounds classified as Muscarinic Antagonists.)

    Bronchodilator Agents

    Agents that cause an increase in the expansion of a bronchus or bronchial tubes. (See all compounds classified as Bronchodilator Agents.)

    Mydriatics

    Agents that dilate the pupil. They may be either sympathomimetics or parasympatholytics. (See all compounds classified as Mydriatics.)

    Parasympatholytics

    Agents that inhibit the actions of the parasympathetic nervous system. The major group of drugs used therapeutically for this purpose is the MUSCARINIC ANTAGONISTS. (See all compounds classified as Parasympatholytics.)

    5.3 FDA Pharmacological Classification
    5.3.1 Active Moiety
    ATROPINE
    5.3.2 FDA UNII
    7C0697DR9I
    5.3.3 Pharmacological Classes
    Cholinergic Antagonists [MoA]; Cholinergic Muscarinic Antagonist [EPC]; Cholinergic Muscarinic Antagonists [MoA]; Anticholinergic [EPC]
    5.4 ATC Code

    A03BA01

    S76 | LUXPHARMA | Pharmaceuticals Marketed in Luxembourg | Pharmaceuticals marketed in Luxembourg, as published by d'Gesondheetskeess (CNS, la caisse nationale de sante, www.cns.lu), mapped by name to structures using CompTox by R. Singh et al. (in prep.). List downloaded from https://cns.public.lu/en/legislations/textes-coordonnes/liste-med-comm.html. Dataset DOI:10.5281/zenodo.4587355

    A - Alimentary tract and metabolism

    A03 - Drugs for functional gastrointestinal disorders

    A03B - Belladonna and derivatives, plain

    A03BA - Belladonna alkaloids, tertiary amines

    A03BA01 - Atropine

    A - Alimentary tract and metabolism

    A03 - Drugs for functional gastrointestinal disorders

    A03B - Belladonna and derivatives, plain

    A03BA - Belladonna alkaloids, tertiary amines

    A03BA03 - Hyoscyamine

    S - Sensory organs

    S01 - Ophthalmologicals

    S01F - Mydriatics and cycloplegics

    S01FA - Anticholinergics

    S01FA01 - Atropine

    5.5 Absorption, Distribution and Excretion

    Absorption

    Atropine is rapidly and well absorbed after intramuscular administration. Atropine disappears rapidly from the blood and is distributed throughout the various body tissues and fluids.

    Route of Elimination

    Much of the drug is destroyed by enzymatic hydrolysis, particularly in the liver; from 13 to 50% is excreted unchanged in the urine.

    BELLADONNA ALKALOIDS...ARE ABSORBED RAPIDLY FROM THE GI TRACT. THEY ALSO ENTER CIRCULATION WHEN APPLIED...TO MUCOSAL SURFACES OF THE BODY. ABSORPTION FROM INTACT SKIN IS LIMITED, ALTHOUGH EFFICIENT ABSORPTION DOES OCCUR IN THE POSTAURICULAR REGION. ... ATROPINE HAS A HALF-LIFE OF APPROX 4 HR; HEPATIC METAB ACCOUNTS FOR THE ELIMINATION OF ABOUT HALF OF A DOSE, & THE REMAINDER IS EXCRETED UNCHANGED IN THE URINE.

    Hardman, J.G., L.E. Limbird, P.B., A.G. Gilman. Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 10th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 2001., p. 167

    ...WHEN ADMIN TO MOTHER PASS RAPIDLY INTO FETAL BLOOD.

    The Chemical Society. Foreign Compound Metabolism in Mammals Volume 3. London: The Chemical Society, 1975., p. 634

    IN DOG, 27% OF SC DOSE OF (3)H-ATROPINE WAS EXCRETED IN 2-HR URINE MOSTLY UNCHANGED. 50%...WAS EXCRETED WITHIN 6-HR, & RENAL EXCRETION OF ATROPINE OCCURRED BY GLOMERULAR FILTRATION & TUBULAR SECRETION.

    The Chemical Society. Foreign Compound Metabolism in Mammals. Volume 1: A Review of the Literature Published Between 1960 and 1969. London: The Chemical Society, 1970., p. 69

    AFTER IM ADMIN OF RADIOACTIVELY LABELED ATROPINE TO MAN, DISAPPEARANCE OF RADIOACTIVITY FROM PLASMA WAS BIPHASIC, WITH...HALF-LIVES OF 2 HR & 13-28 HR... BETWEEN 77 & 94% OF TOTAL RADIOACTIVITY WAS EXCRETED IN URINE... CHROMATOGRAPHIC EVIDENCE SUGGESTED THAT RELATIVE PROPORTIONS OF METABOLITIES VARIED WITH TIME.

    The Chemical Society. Foreign Compound Metabolism in Mammals. Volume 2: A Review of the Literature Published Between 1970 and 1971. London: The Chemical Society, 1972., p. 455

    For more Absorption, Distribution and Excretion (Complete) data for ATROPINE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

    5.6 Metabolism/Metabolites

    Much of the drug is destroyed by enzymatic hydrolysis, particularly in the liver. From 13 to 50% is excreted unchanged in the urine.

    ... HEPATIC METAB ACCOUNTS FOR THE ELIMINATION OF ABOUT HALF OF A DOSE, & THE REMAINDER IS EXCRETED UNCHANGED IN THE URINE.

    Hardman, J.G., L.E. Limbird, P.B., A.G. Gilman. Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 10th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 2001., p. 167

    WITH (14)C RESTRICTED TO ALPHA-CARBON...ON TROPIC ACID PORTION...10 RADIOACTIVE...PRODUCTS...IN MOUSE & RAT URINE, PRINCIPAL METABOLITES WERE GLUCURONIDE CONJUGATES OF HYDROXYATROPINES FORMED IN VIVO BY METABOLIC HYDROXYLATION OF AROMATIC RING...GLUCURONIDES OF ATROPINE COULD NOT BE DETECTED IN HUMAN URINE...

    Gosselin, R.E., H.C. Hodge, R.P. Smith, and M.N. Gleason. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. 4th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1976., p. III-44

    5.7 Biological Half-Life

    3.0 ± 0.9 hours in adults. The half-life of atropine is slightly shorter (approximately 20 minutes) in females than males.

    AFTER IM ADMIN OF RADIOACTIVELY LABELED ATROPINE TO MAN, DISAPPEARANCE OF RADIOACTIVITY FROM PLASMA WAS BIPHASIC, WITH...HALF-LIVES OF 2 HR & 13-28 HR...

    The Chemical Society. Foreign Compound Metabolism in Mammals. Volume 2: A Review of the Literature Published Between 1970 and 1971. London: The Chemical Society, 1972., p. 455

    5.8 Mechanism of Action

    Atropine binds to and inhibit muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, producing a wide range of anticholinergic effects.

    Atropine... competes with ACh & other muscarinic agonists for a common binding site on the muscarinic receptor. The binding site for competitive antagonists & acetylcholine is in a cleft predicted to be formed by several of the receptor's 7 transmembrane helices, as shown recently for the position of retinol in the mammalian rhodopsin structure. An aspartic acid present in the N-terminal portion of the third transmembrane helix of all 5 muscarinic receptor subtypes is believed to form an ionic bond with the cationic quaternary nitrogen in acetylcholine & the tertiary or quaternary nitrogen of the antagonists.

    Hardman, J.G., L.E. Limbird, P.B., A.G. Gilman. Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 10th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 2001., p. 164

    ATROPINE...(IS A) SELECTIVE ANTAGONIST OF MUSCARINIC AGENTS AT CORRESPONDING RECEPTORS OF SMOOTH & CARDIAC MUSCLE & EXOCRINE GLAND CELLS. THIS ANTAGONISM IS SO SELECTIVE THAT ATROPINE BLOCKADE OF ACTIONS OF NONCHOLINOMIMETIC DRUG... TAKEN AS EVIDENCE THAT DRUG ACTS INDIRECTLY THROUGH ACH RELEASE OR SOME OTHER CHOLINERGIC MECHANISM.

    Goodman, L.S., and A. Gilman. (eds.) The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 5th ed. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc., 1975., p. 516

    ...The site of action of atropine, a non-selective muscarinic receptor antagonist, in reducing increased muscle rigidity ...induced by the selective dopamine D2 receptor antagonist, raclopride /was investigated/. Atropine significantly reduced raclopride-induced EMG increases in rat hindlimb muscles, when injected into the ventral striatum, but not the dorsal striatum or the substantia nigra. Atropine's site of action was localized to a small area of muscarinic receptors within the ventral part of the striatum... These findings provide new information about the regulation of motor control by muscarinic receptor antagonists & additional evidence about the functional heterogeneity of the striatum.

    PMID:11779574 Hemsley KM, Crocker AD; Eur J Pharmacol 434(3): 117-123 (2002)

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    ABOUT THIS PAGE

    Looking for 51-55-8 / Atropine API manufacturers, exporters & distributors?

    Atropine manufacturers, exporters & distributors 1

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    PharmaCompass offers a list of Atropine API manufacturers, exporters & distributors, which can be sorted by GMP, USDMF, JDMF, KDMF, CEP (COS), WC, Price,and more, enabling you to easily find the right Atropine manufacturer or Atropine supplier for your needs.

    Send us enquiries for free, and we will assist you in establishing a direct connection with your preferred Atropine manufacturer or Atropine supplier.

    PharmaCompass also assists you with knowing the Atropine API Price utilized in the formulation of products. Atropine API Price is not always fixed or binding as the Atropine Price is obtained through a variety of data sources. The Atropine Price can also vary due to multiple factors, including market conditions, regulatory modifications, or negotiated pricing deals.

    API | Excipient name

    Atropine

    Synonyms

    Dl-hyoscyamine, Tropine tropate, Atropen, Atropin, 51-55-8, Dl-tropyltropate

    Cas Number

    51-55-8

    Unique Ingredient Identifier (UNII)

    7C0697DR9I

    About Atropine

    An alkaloid, originally from Atropa belladonna, but found in other plants, mainly SOLANACEAE. Hyoscyamine is the 3(S)-endo isomer of atropine.

    Atropen (TN) Manufacturers

    A Atropen (TN) manufacturer is defined as any person or entity involved in the manufacture, preparation, processing, compounding or propagation of Atropen (TN), including repackagers and relabelers. The FDA regulates Atropen (TN) manufacturers to ensure that their products comply with relevant laws and regulations and are safe and effective to use. Atropen (TN) API Manufacturers are required to adhere to Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) to ensure that their products are consistently manufactured to meet established quality criteria.

    click here to find a list of Atropen (TN) manufacturers with USDMF, JDMF, KDMF, CEP, GMP, COA and API Price related information on PhamaCompass.

    Atropen (TN) Suppliers

    A Atropen (TN) supplier is an individual or a company that provides Atropen (TN) active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) or Atropen (TN) finished formulations upon request. The Atropen (TN) suppliers may include Atropen (TN) API manufacturers, exporters, distributors and traders.

    click here to find a list of Atropen (TN) suppliers with USDMF, JDMF, KDMF, CEP, GMP, COA and API Price related information on PharmaCompass.

    Atropen (TN) USDMF

    A Atropen (TN) DMF (Drug Master File) is a document detailing the whole manufacturing process of Atropen (TN) active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) in detail. Different forms of Atropen (TN) DMFs exist exist since differing nations have different regulations, such as Atropen (TN) USDMF, ASMF (EDMF), JDMF, CDMF, etc.

    A Atropen (TN) DMF submitted to regulatory agencies in the US is known as a USDMF. Atropen (TN) USDMF includes data on Atropen (TN)'s chemical properties, information on the facilities and procedures used, and details about packaging and storage. The Atropen (TN) USDMF is kept confidential to protect the manufacturer’s intellectual property.

    click here to find a list of Atropen (TN) suppliers with USDMF on PharmaCompass.

    Atropen (TN) KDMF

    In Korea, the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety (MFDS) is in charge of regulating pharmaceutical products and services.

    Pharmaceutical companies submit a Atropen (TN) Drug Master File in Korea (Atropen (TN) KDMF) to the MFDS, which includes comprehensive information about the production, processing, facilities, materials, packaging, and testing of Atropen (TN). The MFDS reviews the Atropen (TN) KDMF as part of the drug registration process and uses the information provided in the Atropen (TN) KDMF to evaluate the safety and efficacy of the drug.

    After submitting a Atropen (TN) KDMF to the MFDS, the registered manufacturer can provide importers or distributors with the registration number without revealing confidential information to Korean business partners. Applicants seeking to register their Atropen (TN) API can apply through the Korea Drug Master File (KDMF).

    click here to find a list of Atropen (TN) suppliers with KDMF on PharmaCompass.

    Atropen (TN) CEP

    A Atropen (TN) CEP of the European Pharmacopoeia monograph is often referred to as a Atropen (TN) Certificate of Suitability (COS). The purpose of a Atropen (TN) CEP is to show that the European Pharmacopoeia monograph adequately controls the purity of Atropen (TN) EP produced by a given manufacturer. Suppliers of raw materials can prove the suitability of Atropen (TN) to their clients by showing that a Atropen (TN) CEP has been issued for it. The manufacturer submits a Atropen (TN) CEP (COS) as part of the market authorization procedure, and it takes on the role of a Atropen (TN) CEP holder for the record. Additionally, the data presented in the Atropen (TN) CEP (COS) is managed confidentially and offers a centralized system acknowledged by numerous nations, exactly like the Atropen (TN) DMF.

    A Atropen (TN) CEP (COS) is recognised by all 36 nations that make up the European Pharmacopoeia Convention. Atropen (TN) CEPs may be accepted in nations that are not members of the Ph. Eur. at the discretion of the authorities there.

    click here to find a list of Atropen (TN) suppliers with CEP (COS) on PharmaCompass.

    Atropen (TN) NDC

    National Drug Code is a comprehensive database maintained by the FDA that contains information on all drugs marketed in the US. This directory includes information about finished drug products, unfinished drug products, and compounded drug products, including those containing Atropen (TN) as an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API).

    Finished drug products

    The FDA updates the NDC directory daily. The NDC numbers for Atropen (TN) API and other APIs are published in this directory by the FDA.

    Unfinished drugs

    The NDC unfinished drugs database includes product listing information submitted for all unfinished drugs, such as active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), drugs intended for further processing and bulk drug substances for compounding.

    Pharmaceutical companies that manufacture Atropen (TN) as an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) must furnish the FDA with an updated record of all drugs that they produce, prepare, propagate, compound, or process for commercial distribution in the US at their facilities.

    Compounded drug products

    The NDC directory also contains data on finished compounded human drug products that contain Atropen (TN) and are produced by outsourcing facilities. While these outsourcing facilities are not mandated to assign a Atropen (TN) NDC to their finished compounded human drug products, they may choose to do so.

    click here to find a list of Atropen (TN) suppliers with NDC on PharmaCompass.

    Atropen (TN) GMP

    Atropen (TN) Active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) is produced in GMP-certified manufacturing facility.

    GMP stands for Good Manufacturing Practices, which is a system used in the pharmaceutical industry to make sure that goods are regularly produced and monitored in accordance with quality standards. The FDA’s current Good Manufacturing Practices requirements are referred to as cGMP or current GMP which indicates that the company follows the most recent GMP specifications. The World Health Organization (WHO) has its own set of GMP guidelines, called the WHO GMP. Different countries can also set their own guidelines for GMP like China (Chinese GMP) or the EU (EU GMP).

    PharmaCompass offers a list of Atropen (TN) GMP manufacturers, exporters & distributors, which can be sorted by USDMF, JDMF, KDMF, CEP (COS), WC, API price, and more, enabling you to easily find the right Atropen (TN) GMP manufacturer or Atropen (TN) GMP API supplier for your needs.

    Atropen (TN) CoA

    A Atropen (TN) CoA (Certificate of Analysis) is a formal document that attests to Atropen (TN)'s compliance with Atropen (TN) specifications and serves as a tool for batch-level quality control.

    Atropen (TN) CoA mostly includes findings from lab analyses of a specific batch. For each Atropen (TN) CoA document that a company creates, the USFDA specifies specific requirements, such as supplier information, material identification, transportation data, evidence of conformity and signature data.

    Atropen (TN) may be tested according to a variety of international standards, such as European Pharmacopoeia (Atropen (TN) EP), Atropen (TN) JP (Japanese Pharmacopeia) and the US Pharmacopoeia (Atropen (TN) USP).

    Inform the supplier about your product requirements, specifying if you need a product with particular monograph like EP (Ph. Eur.), USP, JP, BP, or any other quality. In addition, clarify whether you need hydrochloride (HCl), anhydricum, base, micronisatum or a specific level of purity. To find reputable suppliers, utilize the filters and select those certified by GMP, FDA, or any other certification as per your requirement.
    For your convenience, we have listed synonyms and CAS numbers to help you find the best supplier. The use of synonyms and CAS numbers can be helpful in identifying potential suppliers, but it is crucial to note that they might not always indicate the exact same product. It is important to confirm the product details with the supplier before making a purchase to ensure that it meets your requirements.
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