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1. 98-95-3
2. Nitrobenzol
3. Benzene, Nitro-
4. Oil Of Mirbane
5. Mirbane Oil
6. Essence Of Mirbane
7. Nitro-benzene
8. Oil Of Myrbane
9. Nitrobenzeen
10. Nitrobenzen
11. Mononitrobenzene
12. Essence Of Myrbane
13. Rcra Waste Number U169
14. 1-nitrobenzene
15. Nci-c60082
16. Nsc 9573
17. Benzene,nitro
18. Chebi:27798
19. Benzene-no2
20. E57jcn6ssy
21. Nsc-9573
22. Ncgc00091398-02
23. P-nitrobenzene
24. Dsstox_cid_964
25. Dsstox_rid_75892
26. Dsstox_gsid_20964
27. Nitrobenzeen [dutch]
28. Nitrobenzen [polish]
29. Caswell No. 600
30. Cas-98-95-3
31. Nbz
32. Ccris 2841
33. Hsdb 104
34. Einecs 202-716-0
35. Unii-e57jcn6ssy
36. Un1662
37. Rcra Waste No. U169
38. Epa Pesticide Chemical Code 056501
39. Nitro Benzene
40. P-nitrophenyl
41. 3-nitrobenzene
42. 4-nitrobenzene
43. Ai3-01239
44. Mono Nitro Benzene
45. Nitrobenzol, Liquid
46. Pnp, P-nitrophenol
47. Nitrobenzeen(dutch)
48. Nitrobenzen(polish)
49. Oxohydroxyphenylaminium
50. Phno2
51. Wln: Wnr
52. Nitrobenzene [mi]
53. Nitrobenzol, Liquid(dot)
54. Bmse000676
55. Epitope Id:117707
56. Ec 202-716-0
57. Nitrobenzene [hsdb]
58. Nitrobenzene [iarc]
59. Schembl20411
60. Ghl.pd_mitscher_leg0.646
61. Nitrobenzene [mart.]
62. Bidd:er0702
63. Chembl15750
64. Nitrobenzene, Lr, >=99%
65. Dtxsid3020964
66. Schembl11481750
67. Nitrobenzene, Analytical Standard
68. Nsc9573
69. Zinc896426
70. Benzene, Nitro-,homopolymer
71. Tox21_111127
72. Tox21_201750
73. Tox21_300508
74. Bdbm50352162
75. Mfcd00007043
76. Nitrobenzene [un1662] [poison]
77. Nitrobenzene, Reagentplus(r), 99%
78. Stl282724
79. Akos000120124
80. Nitrobenzene 10 Microg/ml In Methanol
81. Un 1662
82. Nitrobenzene 100 Microg/ml In Methanol
83. Nitrobenzene, Acs Reagent, >=99.0%
84. Ncgc00091398-01
85. Ncgc00091398-03
86. Ncgc00091398-04
87. Ncgc00254526-01
88. Ncgc00259299-01
89. 26969-40-4
90. Nitrobenzene 100 Microg/ml In Acetonitrile
91. Nitrobenzene, P.a., Acs Reagent, 99.0%
92. Nitrobenzene, Saj First Grade, >=99.0%
93. Ft-0613200
94. Ft-0619248
95. Ft-0622346
96. Hydroxy(phenyl)azane Oxide (acd/name 4.0)
97. N0758
98. Nitrobenzene, Jis Special Grade, >=99.5%
99. C06813
100. Nitrobenzene, Pestanal(r), Analytical Standard
101. A845934
102. Q407290
103. F0001-2324
| Molecular Weight | 123.11 g/mol |
|---|---|
| Molecular Formula | C6H5NO2 |
| XLogP3 | 1.9 |
| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count | 0 |
| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count | 2 |
| Rotatable Bond Count | 0 |
| Exact Mass | 123.032028402 g/mol |
| Monoisotopic Mass | 123.032028402 g/mol |
| Topological Polar Surface Area | 45.8 Ų |
| Heavy Atom Count | 9 |
| Formal Charge | 0 |
| Complexity | 102 |
| Isotope Atom Count | 0 |
| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count | 0 |
| Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count | 0 |
| Defined Bond Stereocenter Count | 0 |
| Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count | 0 |
| Covalently Bonded Unit Count | 1 |
Mean lethal dose by mouth probably lies between 1 and 5 g.
Gosselin, R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984., p. II-214
5-10 mL of nitrobenzene (near 200 mg/kg bw) could be fatal in the absence of medical intervention.
WHO; Environmental Health Criteria 230: Nitrobenzene (2003) https://www.inchem.org/pages/ehc.html
Extensive intestinal absorption of nitrobenzene has been demonstrated in experimental animals. For example, a total of six rabbits (sex and strain not stated) were administered (14C)nitrobenzene and unlabeled nitrobenzene at total doses of 200 mg/kg (two animals) and 250 mg/kg (three animals) by stomach tube. One animal was exposed to 400 mg/kg; however, it died after 2 days. Animals were kept in metabolic cages for 30 hours after dosing to permit the collection of feces, urine, and expired air. Exhaled derivatives were trapped in ethanol and/or CO2 absorbers. Thereafter, the animals were housed in open cages so that their urine and feces could be collected up to 10 days. By 4-5 days after dosing animals, the author found that nearly 70% of the radioactivity had been eliminated from the body. This included 1% of the radioactivity expired as CO2, 0.6% expired as nitrobenzene (up to 30 hours), 58% excreted as metabolites in the urine (up to 4-5 days), and 9% eliminated in the feces (up to 4-5 days).
US EPA; Toxicological Review of Nitrobenzene (CAS No. 98-95-3) In Support of Summary Information on the Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS). EPA/635/R-08/004Fp.5 (2009). Available from, as of October 26, 2009 https://www.epa.gov/ncea/iris/toxreviews/0079tr.pdf
Single oral doses of 22.5 or 225 mg/kg (14C)-labeled nitrobenzene were administered to male F344 (CDF[F344]/CrlBR), CD (Crl:CD[SD]BR), and axenic CDF(F344)/CrlGN rats and to male B6C3F1 (B6C3F1/Crl/BR) mice (225 mg/kg only). Animals were housed in metabolic cages for 72 hours after dosing to collect urine, feces, and expired air. In the conventional rats, 56-65% of the administered dose was recovered in the urine, with a maximum of 21.4% recovered in the feces. Six metabolites were found in the bile of conventional rats. Since the metabolites were absent from the bile of axenic rats, the authors concluded that the reduction of nitrobenzene at the nitro group that produced metabolites in conventional rats must have been initiated in the intestines. When corrected for overall recovery, these data provide intestinal absorption estimates of 62-69% in conventional rats. The estimate from the mouse data was lower (43%).
US EPA; Toxicological Review of Nitrobenzene (CAS No. 98-95-3) In Support of Summary Information on the Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS). EPA/635/R-08/004Fp.6 (2009). Available from, as of October 26, 2009 https://www.epa.gov/ncea/iris/toxreviews/0079tr.pdf
Data from a number of sources point to the capacity of nitrobenzene to penetrate the dermal barrier in humans. For example, human research subjects were placed in an exposure chamber containing nitrobenzene vapor for 6 hours, while receiving fresh air through a breathing tube and mask . The absorption rate per unit of concentration of nitrobenzene was highly variable (0.23 to 0.30 mg/hour per ug/L), depending on the nitrobenzene concentration in the chamber (5 to 30 ug/L) and whether the subject was dressed or naked. In naked subjects exposed to a chamber concentration of 10 ug/L nitrobenzene, the absorbed dose ranged from 10 to 19 mg compared with 8 to 16 mg in clothed subjects. Depending on the air concentration (5 to 30 ug/L), normal working clothes reduced the overall absorption of nitrobenzene by 20 to 30%.
US EPA; Toxicological Review of Nitrobenzene (CAS No. 98-95-3) In Support of Summary Information on the Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS). EPA/635/R-08/004Fp.7(2009). Available from, as of October 26, 2009 https://www.epa.gov/ncea/iris/toxreviews/0079tr.pdf
(14C)-labeled /nitrobenzene/ in acetone (4 ug/sq cm) /was applied/ to a 13 sq cm circular area of the ventral forearm surface of six subjects. The skin site was not protected and the subjects were asked not to wash the area for 24 hours. The authors also examined the elimination of nitrobenzene following intravenous administration as a comparison with the dermal absorption and elimination studies. For the skin absorption studies, the cumulative amounts of radiolabel measured in urine over 5 days amounted to approximately 1.53 + or - 0.84% of the load. The highest rate of absorption was monitored in the first 24-hour period after application, but excretion in the urine was still measurable between 96 and 120 hours after application. The absorption rate (percent dose per hour) over the 120-hour period was as follows: 0.022%/hour: 0 to 12 hours; 0.022%/hour: 12 to 24 hours; 0.013%/hour: 24 to 48 hours; 0.013%/hour: 48 to 72 hours; 0.011%/hour: 72 to 96 hours; and 0.006%/hour: 96 to 120 hours. Continued excretion of (14C)-label at the later time points may have represented redistribution of nitrobenzene or its metabolites from adipose tissue rather than continued absorption. Following intravenous administration of (14C)-nitrobenzene, 60.5% of the radioactive label was detected in the urine by 20 hours after administration. When corrected for the appearance of nitrobenzene in urine following an intravenous injection, an overall dermal absorption factor of approximately 2.6% was determined for nitrobenzene.
US EPA; Toxicological Review of Nitrobenzene (CAS No. 98-95-3) In Support of Summary Information on the Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS). EPA/635/R-08/004Fp.7-8 (2009). Available from, as of October 26, 2009 https://www.epa.gov/ncea/iris/toxreviews/0079tr.pdf
For more Absorption, Distribution and Excretion (Complete) data for NITROBENZENE (22 total), please visit the HSDB record page.
Metabolism of nitrobenzene in mammals involves both oxidation and reduction reactions. Evidence for this has come from the identification of potential products of nitrobenzene oxidation and reduction reactions in the urine of humans and animals that had been exposed to the compound. Oxidation products of nitrobenzene include o-, m-, and p-nitrophenol; reduction products of nitrobenzene include nitrosobenzene, phenylhydroxylamine, and aniline. The metabolites from aniline include the following oxidative metabolites: o-, m-, and p-aminophenol, nitrocatechols, and aniline. For all metabolites, involvement in phase II reactions is likely, and the formation and appearance of sulfated or glucuronidated conjugates has been demonstrated
US EPA; Toxicological Review of Nitrobenzene (CAS No. 98-95-3) In Support of Summary Information on the Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS). EPA/635/R-08/004Fp.10 (2009). Available from, as of October 26, 2009 https://www.epa.gov/ncea/iris/toxreviews/0079tr.pdf
The processes driving the metabolism of nitrobenzene in mammals display tissue specificity. Three primary mechanisms have been identified: reduction to aniline by intestinal microflora, reduction by hepatic microsomes and in erythrocytes, and oxidative metabolism by hepatic microsomes. First, nitrobenzene has been shown to undergo a three-step, two-electronsper-step transfer reduction to aniline in intestinal microflora. The intermediates in this process are nitrosobenzene and phenylhydroxylamine. Second, nitrobenzene undergoes a six-step, one-electron-per-step transfer reduction to aniline that takes place in hepatic microsomes and erythrocytes ... intermediates in the latter process include a nitro anion free radical, nitrosobenzene, an hydronitroxide free radical, phenylhydroxylamine, and a theoretical amino-cation free radical. The reductive intermediates have been shown to reverse chemically (ie, aniline can oxidize back towards nitrobenzene or any step in between), with the direction of flow depending on local redox potentials. .
US EPA; Toxicological Review of Nitrobenzene (CAS No. 98-95-3) In Support of Summary Information on the Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS). EPA/635/R-08/004Fp.10-1 (2009). Available from, as of October 26, 2009 https://www.epa.gov/ncea/iris/toxreviews/0079tr.pdf
The appearance of conjugated derivatives of nitrophenols in the urine of female giant chinchilla rabbits having received an oral dose of nitrobenzene (0.5 g in 25 mL water by stomach tube) implied that the compound can undergo oxidation reactions in addition to the more extensively characterized reduction reactions.
US EPA; Toxicological Review of Nitrobenzene (CAS No. 98-95-3) In Support of Summary Information on the Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS). EPA/635/R-08/004F p.22 (2009). Available from, as of October 26, 2009 https://www.epa.gov/ncea/iris/toxreviews/0079tr.pdf
The action of bacteria normally present in the small intestine of the rat is an important element in the formation of methemoglobin resulting from nitrobenzene exposure. Germ-free rats do not develop methemoglobinemia when intraperitoneally dosed with nitrobenzene ... When nitrobenzene (200 mg/kg bw in sesame oil) was intraperitoneally administered to normal Sprague-Dawley rats, 30-40% of the hemoglobin in the blood was converted to methemoglobin within 1-2 hr. When the same dose was administered to germ-free or antibiotic-pretreated rats, there was no measurable methemoglobin formation, even when measured up to 7 hr after treatment. The nitroreductase activities of various tissues (liver, kidney, gut wall) were not significantly different in germ-free and control rats, but the activity was negligible in gut contents from germ-free rats and high in control rats. This led the authors to suggest that a nitrobenzene metabolite such as aniline (which is formed by the bacterial reduction of nitrobenzene in the intestines of rats) is involved in methemoglobin formation. In addition, diet has been shown to play a role in the production of methemoglobin by influencing the intestinal microflora; the presence of pectin in the diets of rats was shown to increase the ability of orally administered nitrobenzene to induce methemoglobinemia. This was correlated with the increased in vitro reductive metabolism of (14C)nitrobenzene by the cecal contents of rats fed purified diets containing increasing amounts of pectin.
WHO; Environmental Health Criteria 230: Nitrobenzene (2003) https://www.inchem.org/pages/ehc.html
For more Metabolism/Metabolites (Complete) data for NITROBENZENE (30 total), please visit the HSDB record page.
Whole body: 2 days; [TDR, p. 942]
TDR - Ryan RP, Terry CE, Leffingwell SS (eds). Toxicology Desk Reference: The Toxic Exposure and Medical Monitoring Index, 5th Ed. Washington DC: Taylor & Francis, 1999., p. 942
(14)C-Nitrobenzene /was injected/ intravenously into volunteers. Excretion in the urine was 60.5% of the dose over five days. The elimination half-life was 20 hours.
IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work). Available at: https://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/index.php, p. V65 392 (1996)
Measurement of nitrobenzene concn in blood of an acutely exposed person indicated that the cmpd is cumulative ... /and remains/ in human body for a prolonged period. There have been similar observations of persistence of 2 major urinary metabolites, p-aminophenol and p-nitrophenol, in patient streated for acute or subacute poisoning. Because of slow rate of nitrobenzene metabolism in humans, concn of p-nitrophenol in urine incr for approx 4 days during exposure, eventually reaching a value 2.5 times that found during the first day. Half-life for urinary excretion of p-nitrophenol from humans after single dose was approx 60 hr; 84 hr was observed in female who attempted suicide ... Urinary metabolites in humans account for only 20% or 30% of nitrobenzene dose.
National Research Council. Drinking Water & Health, Volume 4. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1981., p. 226
Methemoglobinemia, which may be defined as a metHb concentration exceeding 2-3% of total Hb, arises when the rate of metHb formation exceeds the rate of reduction of oxidized heme iron, and it can develop by three distinct mechanisms: genetic mutation resulting in the presence of abnormal Hb, a deficiency of metHb reductase enzyme, and toxin-induced oxidation of Hb. Small amounts of metHb are continually produced due to autoxidation of Hb during the normal respiratory function of loading and unloading of oxygen by erythrocytes. A variety of xenobiotics, including nitrobenzene and aromatic amines, can cause methemoglobinemia by accelerating the oxidation of Hb to metHb, which loses its ability to combine reversibly with oxygen
US EPA; Toxicological Review of Nitrobenzene (CAS No. 98-95-3) In Support of Summary Information on the Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS). EPA/635/R-08/004Fp.12 (2009). Available from, as of October 26, 2009 https://www.epa.gov/ncea/iris/toxreviews/0079tr.pdf
The particular redox chemistry associated with nitrobenzene metabolism in red blood cells (RBCs) is of special interest because of its association with the development of methemoglobinemia. ...An association of metHb formation with the reduction of nitrobenzene to nitrosobenzene, phenylhydroxylamine, and aniline by nitroreductases present within intestinal microflora /has been observed/. Moreover, in vitro incubation of RBCs with nitrobenzene does not result in the formation of metHb. Taken together, these findings suggest that it is the presence and cycling of the reductive products of nitrobenzene within RBCs that cause the conversion of oxyhemoglobin (oxyHb) to metHb. ... The primary metabolic event in the formation of metHb (Fe3+) from oxyHb (Fe2+) as a result of nitrobenzene exposure is the cycling between phenylhydroxylamine and nitrosobenzene.
US EPA; Toxicological Review of Nitrobenzene (CAS No. 98-95-3) In Support of Summary Information on the Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS). EPA/635/R-08/004F p.21-2 (2009). Available from, as of October 26, 2009 https://www.epa.gov/ncea/iris/toxreviews/0079tr.pdf
In acute ... and subchronic studies in rodents ..., lesions in the brain stem and cerebellum were the most life-threatening toxic effects seen. In severe methemoglobinemia arising from extensive nitrobenzene poisoning, central nervous system effects may be predicted on the basis of hypoxia alone. It has also been hypothesized that these lesions might represent a hepatic encephalopathy secondary to the liver toxicity of nitrobenzene ... Other results suggest that it is possible that brain parenchymal damage may have resulted from anoxia or hypoxia due to vascular damage or decreased blood flow to affected areas ... Another possible mechanism for the central nervous system damage is the formation of superoxide radicals or toxic hydroxyl radicals generated from hydrogen peroxide ... Evidence has been adduced to indicate that the ability of a related compound, dinitrobenzene, to cause cell death in in vitro co-cultures of rat brain astrocytes and brain capillary endothelial cells (a blood-brain barrier model) is at least partly due to the generation of hydroxyl radicals in the culture.
WHO; Environmental Health Criteria 230: Nitrobenzene (2003) https://www.inchem.org/pages/ehc.html
... Cecal contents obtained and incubated in an anaerobic environment are capable of reducing nitrobenzene. Incubation of radioactive nitrobenzene with isolated rat hepatocytes under aerobic conditions produces no metabolites detectable by counting fractions of eluate from a high pressure liquid chromatographic system and no measurable disappearance of the parent compound. ... Conventional rats excrete an oral dose of nitrobenzene in the urine as an unknown metabolite, p-hydroxyacetanilide-sulfate, p-nitrophenol-sulfate, and m-nitrophenol-sulfate. /It was/ concluded that it is clear that metabolism by both mammalian and bacterial enzyme systems is important to the expression of toxicity of nitroaromatic compounds.
Rickert DE; Mammalian and Bacterial Metabolism of Nitroaromatic Compounds; p.87-101 (1985)
For more Mechanism of Action (Complete) data for NITROBENZENE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.
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