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00647_FLUKA
Also known as: Sulphuric acid, 7664-93-9, Dihydrogen sulfate, Oil of vitriol, Mattling acid, Battery acid
Molecular Formula
H2O4S
Molecular Weight
98.08  g/mol
InChI Key
QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N
FDA UNII
O40UQP6WCF

1 2D Structure

00647_FLUKA

2 Identification
2.1 Computed Descriptors
2.1.1 IUPAC Name
sulfuric acid
2.1.2 InChI
InChI=1S/H2O4S/c1-5(2,3)4/h(H2,1,2,3,4)
2.1.3 InChI Key
QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N
2.1.4 Canonical SMILES
OS(=O)(=O)O
2.2 Other Identifiers
2.2.1 UNII
O40UQP6WCF
2.3 Synonyms
2.3.1 Depositor-Supplied Synonyms

1. Sulphuric Acid

2. 7664-93-9

3. Dihydrogen Sulfate

4. Oil Of Vitriol

5. Mattling Acid

6. Battery Acid

7. Dipping Acid

8. Acide Sulfurique

9. Electrolyte Acid

10. Acidum Sulfuricum

11. Sulphuricum Acidum

12. Vitriol Brown Oil

13. Tetraoxosulfuric Acid

14. Acido Solforico

15. Acido Sulfurico

16. Schwefelsaeureloesungen

17. Brimstone Acid

18. H2so4

19. Zwavelzuuroplossingen

20. Sulfuric Acid [nf]

21. Sulfuric Acid Concentrate

22. Dihydrogen Sulphate

23. Sulfuric Acid Solution

24. Chebi:26836

25. Anhydrous Sulfuric Acid

26. Mfcd00064589

27. Nsc-38965

28. O40uqp6wcf

29. Nsc-248648

30. Ins No.513

31. Bov

32. Ins-513

33. Sulfuric Acid (nf)

34. Acid Detergent Solution

35. Schwefelsaeure

36. E513

37. E-513

38. Oil Of Vitreol

39. Sulfuric Acid, Acs Grade

40. Caswell No. 815

41. Sulfuricacid

42. H2 (s O4)

43. Acide Sulfurique [french]

44. Acido Solforico [italian]

45. Acido Sulfurico [spanish]

46. Zwavelzuuroplossingen [dutch]

47. Sulfuric Acid, Spent

48. Sulfuric Acid, Acs Reagent, 95.0-98.0%

49. Schwefelsaeureloesungen [german]

50. Hsdb 1811

51. Sulfur Oxide (so4)

52. Oil Of Vitriol Solution; Hydrogen Sulfate Solution

53. Einecs 231-639-5

54. Unii-o40uqp6wcf

55. Un1830

56. Un1832

57. Epa Pesticide Chemical Code 078001

58. Opsonat

59. Suiphuric Acid

60. Sulfuric Aicd

61. Sulfuric-acid

62. Nordhausen Acid

63. Suifuric Acid

64. Matting Acid

65. Sulphur-ic Acid

66. G-sulfuric Acid

67. Spirit Of Alum

68. Vitriol, Oil Of

69. Spirit Of Vitriol

70. So4

71. Un2796

72. Sulfuric Acid 50%

73. 12772-98-4

74. 4.1m Sulfuric Acid

75. Dihydroxidodioxidosulfur

76. Sulfuric Acid, 60%

77. Sulfuric Acid, 96%

78. Sulfuric Acid, 98%

79. Dihydrogen Tetraoxosulfate

80. Sulfuric Acid [strong Inorganic Acid Mists Containing Sulfuric Acid]

81. Dsstox_cid_9683

82. Sulfuric Acid Reagent Acs

83. Ec 231-639-5

84. Sulfuric Acid [ii]

85. Sulfuric Acid [mi]

86. Sulfuric Acid, 95-99%

87. Dsstox_rid_78807

88. Hydrogen Tetraoxosulfate(vi)

89. Nciopen2_006177

90. Sulfuric Acid [fcc]

91. Dsstox_gsid_29683

92. Hydrogen Tetraoxosulfate(2-)

93. Sulfuric Acid [inci]

94. Sulfuric Acid Solution, 1 M

95. Sulfuric Acid, 99.999%

96. Un 1830 (salt/mix)

97. Un 1832 (salt/mix)

98. Un 2796 (salt/mix)

99. Sulfuric Acid [vandf]

100. Sulfuric Acid Solution, 70%

101. Sulfuric Acid Solution, 5 Mm

102. Sulfuric Acid [mart.]

103. Chembl572964

104. O2s(oh)2

105. Sulfuric Acid Contained In Strong Inorganic Acid Mists

106. Sulfuric Acid With >51% Acid

107. Sulfuric Acid, Ar, >=98%

108. Sulfuric Acid, Lr, >=98%

109. Sulfuric Acid [who-dd]

110. Dtxsid5029683

111. Sulfuric Acid Solution, 0.1 M

112. Sulfuric Acid Solution, 0.5 M

113. Sulfuric Acid Solution, 1.5 M

114. H2 S O4

115. Sulphuricum Acidum [hpus]

116. Sulfuric Acid Solution, 0.01 M

117. Sulfuric Acid Solution, 0.05 M

118. Sulfuric Acid Solution, 0.25 M

119. [s(oh)2o2]

120. [so2(oh)2]

121. Sulfuric Acid, 90.0-91.0%

122. Sulfuric Acid, 95.0-97.0%

123. Sulfuric Acid With Not >51% Acid

124. Act13112

125. Nsc38965

126. Sulfuric Acid [ep Impurity]

127. Sulfuric Acid Solution, 0.025 M

128. Sulfuric Acid, P.a., 93-98%

129. Tox21_200483

130. Bdbm50499186

131. Nsc248648

132. Sulfuric Acid [ep Monograph]

133. Sulfuric Acid Solution, 0.0125 M

134. Sulfuric Acid, 50% Aqueous Solution

135. Sulfuric Acid, Extra Pure, 95.5%

136. 2m Sulfuric Acid (+/- 0.1 M)

137. 7m Sulfuric Acid (+/- 0.3 M)

138. Methanolic Sulfuric Acid 10% (v/v)

139. Sulfuric Acid, Technical Grade, 95%

140. Ccg-221344

141. Db11309

142. Sulfuric Acid, 5% V/v Aqueous Solution

143. Ncgc00248653-01

144. Ncgc00258037-01

145. Sulfuric Acid (acid Aerosols Including Mists, Vapors, Gas, Fog And Other Airborne Forms Of Any Particle Size)

146. Sulfuric Acid, 10% V/v Aqueous Solution

147. Sulfuric Acid, 15% V/v Aqueous Solution

148. Sulfuric Acid, 20% V/v Aqueous Solution

149. Sulfuric Acid, 50% V/v Aqueous Solution

150. Sulfuric Acid, 72% W/w Aqueous Solution

151. Sulfuric Acid, 75% V/v Aqueous Solution

152. Cas-7664-93-9

153. Sulfuric Acid, 0.1n Standardized Solution

154. Sulfuric Acid, 0.2n Standardized Solution

155. Sulfuric Acid, 0.5n Standardized Solution

156. Sulfuric Acid, 1.0n Standardized Solution

157. Sulfuric Acid, 3.0n Standardized Solution

158. Sulfuric Acid, 5.0n Standardized Solution

159. Sulfuric Acid, 6.0n Standardized Solution

160. Ds-002649

161. Ft-0688260

162. Ft-0698948

163. Q4118

164. Sulfuric Acid, 0.02n Standardized Solution

165. Sulfuric Acid, 0.05n Standardized Solution

166. Sulfuric Acid, Purum P.a., 95-97% (t)

167. Sulfuric Acid, Saj First Grade, >=95.0%

168. Sulfuric Acid Solution, Purum, ~30% In H2o

169. Sulfuric Acid, Environmental Grade, 93-98%

170. Sulfuric Acid, Jis Special Grade, >=95.0%

171. C00059

172. D05963

173. Sulfuric Acid Solution, P.a., 18.0-24.0%

174. Sulfuric Acid, Puriss. P.a., 95-97% (t)

175. Sulfuric Acid, Spent [un1832] [corrosive]

176. Sulfuric Acid, Environmental Grade Plus, 93-98%

177. Sulfuric Acid, Puriss. P.a. Plus, >=95% (t)

178. Sulfuric Acid (1+1), ~64.0 % (w/w) In H2o

179. Sulfuric Acid (1+2), ~47.0 % (w/w) In H2o

180. Sulfuric Acid Solution, Puriss. P.a., >=25% (t)

181. Sulfuric Acid, >=97.0%, Saj Super Special Grade

182. Sulfuric Acid, Roti?volum, 1n = 0.5m (ampoule)

183. Q27110052

184. Sulfuric Acid, 99.9999% (metals Basis), 92% Min

185. Sulfuric Acid With >51% Acid [un1830] [corrosive]

186. Sulphuric Acid 1 Mol/l - 2 N Volum. Standard Solution

187. 7370a083-f259-4c3e-a455-b5fa1e3c8cb7

188. Sulfuric Acid With Not >51% Acid [un2796] [corrosive]

189. Sulfuric Acid, For The Determination Of Nitrogen, >=97.5%

190. Sulphuric Acid 37% Techn. (battery Acid, Accumul. Acid)

191. Sulfuric Acid Solution, Saj First Grade, 32.2-36.8% In H2o

192. Sulfuric Acid, Puriss. P.a., Acs Reagent, 95.0-98.0% (t)

193. Methanolic H2so4, 10 % (v/v) In Methanol, For Gc Derivatization

194. Sulfuric Acid, >=97.0%, Suitable For Determination Of Toxic Metals

195. Sulfuric Acid Concentrate, 0.1 M H2so4 In Water (0.2n), Eluent Concentrate For Ic

196. Sulfuric Acid, Acculute Standard Volumetric Solution, Final Concentration 2.0n

197. Sulfuric Acid, Puriss., Meets Analytical Specification Of Ph. Eur., Bp, 95-97%

198. Sulfuric Acid, Semiconductor Grade Puranal(tm) (honeywell 17831), 95-97%

199. Sulfuric Acid, Semiconductor Grade Vlsi Puranal(tm) (honeywell 17611), 95-97%

200. Zinc(2+),1',1'',1'''-(1,2-ethanediyldinitrilo)tetrakis[2-propanol]]-, Sulfate (1:1)

201. Sulfate Atomic Spectroscopy Standard Concentrate 10.00 G So42-, 10.00 G/l, For 1 L Standard Solution, Analytical Standard

202. Sulfuric Acid, Puriss. P.a., For Determination Of Hg, Acs Reagent, Reag. Iso, Reag. Ph. Eur., 95.0-97.0%

2.4 Create Date
2004-09-16
3 Chemical and Physical Properties
Molecular Weight 98.08 g/mol
Molecular Formula H2O4S
XLogP3-1.4
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count2
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count4
Rotatable Bond Count0
Exact Mass97.96737971 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass97.96737971 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area83 Ų
Heavy Atom Count5
Formal Charge0
Complexity81.3
Isotope Atom Count0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count0
Covalently Bonded Unit Count1
4 Drug and Medication Information
4.1 Therapeutic Uses

Dilute acid formerly in treatment of gastric hypoacidity. Concentrated acid formerly as a topical caustic.

O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 2006., p. 1540


5 Pharmacology and Biochemistry
5.1 Absorption, Distribution and Excretion

In an experiment studying the clearance via the blood of radiolabeled sulfuric acid aerosol in different species, the authors have observed that sulfur from sulfuric acid was rapidly cleared (from 2 to 9 minutes) from the lungs of animals into the blood following inhalation exposure. Sulfate is a normal constituent of the blood and is a normal metabolite of sulfur-containing amino acids, and excess sulfate is excreted in the urine. The body pool of this anion is large, and it is therefore unlikely that occupational aerosol exposures significantly modify the normal body load.

OECD; SIDS Initial Assessment Reports for Sulfuric Acid (CAS No: 7664-93-9) for 11th SIAM (January 2001). Available from, as of July 29, 2016: https://www.inchem.org/documents/sids/sids/7664939.pdf


For inhalation exposure to sulfuric acid aerosols, the important issues are where in the respiratory tract the aerosols deposit and the duration of exposure. Factors that determine the site of deposition in the respiratory tract include environmental conditions, especially relative humidity which affects aerosol size, and physiological factors of the subject including breathing rate and depth, and method of breathing, e.g., mouth, nose, or oronasal. The effect of hygroscopic growth on deposition within the respiratory tract has been modeled in adults ... and children ... Children may be more sensitive to the respiratory tract effects of sulfuric acid aerosols because pulmonary deposition is increased as a result of smaller airway diameter.

U.S. Dept Health & Human Services/Agency for Toxic Substances & Disease Registry; Toxicological Profile for Sulfur Trioxide and Sulfuric Acid p. 83 (December 1998). Available from, as of June 17, 2016: https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp117.pdf


Dilute sulfuric acid, as with sulfuric acid mist, is absorbed as sulfate and hydrogen ions through mucous membranes, ultimately into the bloodstream. ... Some sulfate (6 to 8%) from the plasma pool is conjugated in the liver with such metabolites as phenol, cresol, indole, and skatole and excreted in the urine as "ethereal sulfates". Such urinary excretion of the ethereal sulfates constitutes a detoxicating mechanism. The organic sulfate (85 to 90%) is excreted as compounds of sulfuric acid with sodium, potassium, calcium, and ammonia. The remainder, neutral sulfur (4 to 6%), is excreted in compounds such as sulfur-containing amino acids, thiosulfates, and thiocyanates.

NIOSH; Criteria Document: Sulfuric acid p.25 (1974) DHEW Pub. NIOSH 74-128


Inhaled insoluble particles that deposit along normal healthy tracheobronchial airways of humans and other mammals are transported on the proximally moving mucous lining to the larynx, where they are swallowed. The transit time from the most distal ciliated airways varies from 0.1 to 1 days, with each individual having a relatively constant, characteristic time. The exact time course of clearance depends on the distributions of both particle deposition and mucus velocities along the airways. There are too few data on intrabronchial deposition and mucociliary transport rates for laboratory animals to permit a thorough intercomparison among species. However, enough is known about the relative lung sizes and anatomical differences among the various species to make some preliminary, but important, distinctions. As compared to commonly used experimental animals, humans have larger lungs and a more symmetric upper bronchial airway branching pattern. In addition, humans do considerable oral breathing, thus bypassing the effective air cleaning capability of the nasal airways. These differences contributed to a greater amount of upper bronchial airway particle deposition in humans, as well as to greater concentrations of deposition on localized surfaces near airway bifurcations. Airborne irritants that deposit in small ciliated airways may produce marked changes in mucociliary transport. Such materials include cigarette smoke, submicrometer sized sulfuric acid mist, nitrogen dioxide, and ozone. ...

PMID:6376822 Lippmann M, Schesinger RB; J Toxicol Environ Health 13 (2-3): 441-69 (1984)


5.2 Metabolism/Metabolites

Some (6 to 8%) of the sulfuric acid absorbed as sulfate and hydrogen ions is conjugated in the liver from the plasma pool with such metabolites as phenol, cresol, indole, and skatole.

NIOSH; Criteria Document: sulfuric acid p.25 (1974) DHEW Pub. NIOSH 74-128


5.3 Biological Half-Life

... The half-time of clearance was 1,126 hr in air-exposed ferrets, 773 hr at 0.5 mg/cu m, and 630 hr at 1 mg/cu m /sulfuric acid/.

U.S. Dept Health & Human Services/Agency for Toxic Substances & Disease Registry; Toxicological Profile for Sulfur Trioxide and Sulfuric Acid p.51 (December 1998). Available from, as of June 17, 2016: https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp117.pdf


5.4 Mechanism of Action

Sulfuric acid aerosol toxicity is dependent on the hydrogen ion content of the aerosol. One mechanism by which sulfuric acid may produce its toxicity is by changing extracellular and intracellular pH. There is evidence that pH plays a critical role in growth control and cell differentiation, and that disrupting the control of pH may lead to adverse effects ... A sufficiently low pH is genotoxic to some cell systems. Therefore, a significant change in pH produced by sulfuric acid exposure could potentially lead to cellular changes if hydrogen ions reached susceptible targets. A preliminary in vitro study that exposed a human tracheal epithelial cell line to sulfuric acid aerosols of 0.75, 1.4, or 3.28 um for 10 minutes revealed that intracellular pH decreased, and, that at equal mass concentrations, the change in pH was greater for the smaller particle sizes.

U.S. Dept Health & Human Services/Agency for Toxic Substances & Disease Registry; Toxicological Profile for Sulfur Trioxide and Sulfuric Acid pp. 83-4 (December 1998). Available from, as of June 17, 2016: https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp117.pdf


Mechanisms of sulfuric acid-induced pulmonary injury have been studied. Atropine was administered to 12 guinea pigs in order to inhibit reflex-mediated bronchoconstriction and the animals were exposed to 32.6 mg/cu m sulfuric acid aerosol (MMAD /mass median aerodynamic diameter/ 1.0 um, relative humidity 70-90%) for 4 hr ... Unlike guinea pigs who were exposed to sulfuric acid without atropine pre-treatment, the atropine-treated animals had no signs of pulmonary injury, such as epithelial desquamation. It was concluded that pulmonary injury following sulfuric acid exposure may be due in part to mechanical forces generated during reflex-mediated bronchoconstriction.

U.S. Dept Health & Human Services/Agency for Toxic Substances & Disease Registry; Toxicological Profile for Sulfur Trioxide and Sulfuric Acid p. 84 (December 1998). Available from, as of June 17, 2016: https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp117.pdf


The genotoxic effects of significantly lowered pH may contribute to the ability of sulfuric acid to produce respiratory tract tumors. It has also been postulated that sulfuric acid may promote carcinogenesis by inducing chronic tissue irritation ... Chronic inflammation results in the release of free radicals which have a genotoxic action. In addition, chronic inflammation may increase susceptibility to infection which may contribute to a carcinogenic response. However, the mechanism of carcinogenesis remains to be proven.

U.S. Dept Health & Human Services/Agency for Toxic Substances & Disease Registry; Toxicological Profile for Sulfur Trioxide and Sulfuric Acid pp. 84-5 (December 1998). Available from, as of June 17, 2016: https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp117.pdf


The effects of sulfuric acid are the result of the H+ ion (local deposition of H+, pH change) rather than an effect of the sulfate ion. Sulfuric acid per se is not expected to be absorbed or distributed throughout the body. The acid will rapidly dissociate and the anion will enter the body electrolyte pool, and will not play a specific toxicological role.

OECD; SIDS Initial Assessment Reports for Sulfuric Acid (CAS No: 7664-93-9) for 11th SIAM (January 2001). Available from, as of July 29, 2016: https://www.inchem.org/documents/sids/sids/7664939.pdf


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