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Prestwick3_000477

Hubei Gedian Humanwell Pharmaceutical Progesterone

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ACTIVE PHARMA INGREDIENTS

52 API Suppliers, 29 USDMF, 18 CEP/COS, 4 JDMF, 3 EU WC, 3 KDMF, 55 NDC API, 19 Listed Suppliers, $ API Reference Price

52 API Suppliers
29 USDMF
18 CEP/COS
4 JDMF
3 EU WC
3 KDMF
55 NDC API
19 Listed Suppliers
$ API Reference Price

DEVELOPMENTS

8 Drugs in Development

8 Drugs in Development

INTERMEDIATES

1 Intermediates Suppliers

1 Intermediates Suppliers

FINISHED DOSAGE FORMULATIONS

147 FDF Dossiers, 38 FDA Orange Book, 56 Europe, 19 Canada, 7 Australia, 5 South Africa, 22 Listed Dossiers

147 FDF Dossiers
38 FDA Orange Book
56 Europe
19 Canada
7 Australia
5 South Africa
22 Listed Dossiers

DRUG PRODUCT COMPOSITIONS

CAPSULE;ORAL - 100MG, CAPSULE;ORAL - 200MG, GEL;VAGINAL - 4%, GEL;VAGINAL - 8%, CAPSULE;ORAL - 0.5MG;100MG, CAPSULE;ORAL - 1MG;100MG

drugProductComposition
CAPSULE;ORAL - 100MG
CAPSULE;ORAL - 200MG
GEL;VAGINAL - 4%
GEL;VAGINAL - 8%
CAPSULE;ORAL - 0.5MG;100MG
CAPSULE;ORAL - 1MG;100MG

RELATED EXCIPIENT COMPANIES

4 SPI Pharma, 8 DKSH, 1 Jai Radhe Sales, 9 Gangwal Healthcare, 6 Nanjing Well Pharmaceutical, 4 ACG Worldwide, 3 Actylis, 5 Anhui Sunhere Pharmaceutical Excipients Co.,Ltd, 6 BASF, 1 Clariant, 1 Corel Pharma Chem, 3 DFE Pharma, 2 Finar, 2 Gangwal Chemicals, 3 Ingredion Pharma Solutions, 17 Kerry, 3 Lonza Capsugel, 3 Lubrizol Life Science Health, 7 Microlex e.U, 7 Pluviaendo, 2 Prachin Chemical, 1 Qualicaps, 9 Roquette, 2 Seppic, 3 Shanghai Shenmei Pharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd, 4 Sigachi Industries, 1 Valens Pharmachem, 2 Vasa Pharmachem

EXCIPIENTS BY APPLICATIONS

46 Fillers, Diluents & Binders, 18 Direct Compression, 13 Disintegrants & Superdisintegrants, 12 Topical, 12 Lubricants & Glidants, 12 Coating Systems & Additives, 10 Granulation, 10 Thickeners and Stabilizers, 9 Parenteral, 9 Co-Processed Excipients, 8 Empty Capsules, 7 Controlled & Modified Release, 6 Film Formers & Plasticizers, 6 Taste Masking, 5 Emulsifying Agents, 4 Solubilizers, 3 API Stability Enhancers, 3 Coloring Agents, 3 Rheology Modifiers, 3 Chewable & Orodispersible Aids, 2 Surfactant & Foaming Agents

DIGITAL CONTENT

4 DATA COMPILATION #PharmaFlow, 46 NEWS #PharmaBuzz

media
4 DATA COMPILATION #PharmaFlow
46 NEWS #PharmaBuzz

GLOBAL SALES INFORMATION

5 US Medicaid Prescriptions, 46 Finished Drug Prices

globalSalesInformation
5 US Medicaid Prescriptions
46 Finished Drug Prices

MARKET PLACE

25 APIs, 18 FDF Dossiers

marketPlace
25 APIs
18 FDF Dossiers

PATENTS & EXCLUSIVITIES

42 US Patents

patents
42 US Patents

REF. STANDARDS & IMPURITIES

3 EDQM , 2 USP , 3 JP , 7 Others

otherSolutions
3 EDQM
2 USP
3 JP
7 Others

Hubei Gedian Humanwell Pharmaceutical Progesterone

Synopsis

ACTIVE PHARMA INGREDIENTS

API Suppliers

USDMF

CEP/COS

JDMF

EU WC

KDMF

NDC API

VMF

Listed Suppliers

API REF. PRICE (USD/KG)

$ 244

MARKET PLACE

API

FDF

1INTERMEDIATES

FINISHED DOSAGE FORMULATIONS

147

FDF Dossiers

FDA Orange Book

Europe

Canada

Australia

South Africa

Listed Dossiers

8DRUGS IN DEVELOPMENT

DRUG PRODUCT COMPOSITIONS

REF. STANDARDS OR IMPURITIES

EDQM

USP

Others

PATENTS & EXCLUSIVITIES

US Patents

US Exclusivities

Health Canada Patents

DIGITAL CONTENT

Data Compilation #PharmaFlow

Stock Recap #PipelineProspector

Weekly News Recap #Phispers

News #PharmaBuzz

GLOBAL SALES INFORMATION

US Medicaid (USD)

26,607,849

Annual Reports (USD Million)

Finished Drug Prices

119 RELATED EXCIPIENT COMPANIES

201EXCIPIENTS BY APPLICATIONS

Chemistry

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Also known as: 57-83-0, Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione, Agolutin, Luteohormone, Crinone, 4-pregnene-3,20-dione

Molecular Formula

C₂₁H₃₀O₂

Molecular Weight

314.5 g/mol

InChI Key

RJKFOVLPORLFTN-LEKSSAKUSA-N

FDA UNII

4G7DS2Q64Y

The major progestational steroid that is secreted primarily by the CORPUS LUTEUM and the PLACENTA. Progesterone acts on the UTERUS, the MAMMARY GLANDS and the BRAIN. It is required in EMBRYO IMPLANTATION; PREGNANCY maintenance, and the development of mammary tissue for MILK production. Progesterone, converted from PREGNENOLONE, also serves as an intermediate in the biosynthesis of GONADAL STEROID HORMONES and adrenal CORTICOSTEROIDS.

Progesterone is a Progesterone.

1 2D Structure

Progesterone

2 Identification

2.1 Computed Descriptors

2.1.1 IUPAC Name

(8S,9S,10R,13S,14S,17S)-17-acetyl-10,13-dimethyl-1,2,6,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-dodecahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-one

2.1.2 InChI

InChI=1S/C21H30O2/c1-13(22)17-6-7-18-16-5-4-14-12-15(23)8-10-20(14,2)19(16)9-11-21(17,18)3/h12,16-19H,4-11H2,1-3H3/t16-,17+,18-,19-,20-,21+/m0/s1

2.1.3 InChI Key

RJKFOVLPORLFTN-LEKSSAKUSA-N

2.1.4 Canonical SMILES

CC(=O)C1CCC2C1(CCC3C2CCC4=CC(=O)CCC34C)C

2.1.5 Isomeric SMILES

CC(=O)[C@H]1CC[C@@H]2[C@@]1(CC[C@H]3[C@H]2CCC4=CC(=O)CC[C@]34C)C

2.2 Other Identifiers

2.2.1 UNII

4G7DS2Q64Y

2.3 Synonyms

2.3.1 MeSH Synonyms

1. Pregnenedione

2. Progesterone, (13 Alpha,17 Alpha)-(+-)-isomer

3. Progesterone, (17 Alpha)-isomer

4. Progesterone, (9 Beta,10 Alpha)-isomer

2.3.2 Depositor-Supplied Synonyms

1. 57-83-0

2. Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione

3. Agolutin

4. Luteohormone

5. Crinone

6. 4-pregnene-3,20-dione

7. Utrogestan

8. Corpus Luteum Hormone

9. Progestin

10. Prometrium

11. Syngesterone

12. Luteol

13. Glanducorpin

14. Pregnenedione

15. Progestasert

16. Progesterol

17. Progesteronum

18. Corlutin

19. Cyclogest

20. Gesterol

21. Gestone

22. Gestormone

23. Progestone

24. Progestron

25. Hormoflaveine

26. Methylpregnone

27. Progestronol

28. Corlutina

29. Corluvite

30. Corporin

31. Flavolutan

32. Fologenon

33. Gynlutin

34. Gynolutone

35. Hormoluton

36. Lingusorbs

37. Lucorteum

38. Luteodyn

39. Luteogan

40. Luteopur

41. Luteosan

42. Luteostab

43. Luteovis

44. Lutociclina

45. Lutocyclin

46. Lutocylin

47. Lutoform

48. Lutromone

49. Membrettes

50. Nalutron

51. Piaponon

52. Primolut

53. Progekan

54. Progestosol

55. Prolidon

56. Proluton

57. Protormone

58. Syngestrets

59. Syntolutan

60. Gestron

61. Lutidon

62. Lutogyl

63. Lutren

64. Prolets

65. Lutex

66. Luteal Hormone

67. Lucorteum Sol

68. Bio-luton

69. Lutocyclin M

70. Lipo-lutin

71. Luteocrin Normale

72. Luteinique

73. Prochieve

74. Prolutone

75. Lutin

76. 17alpha-progesterone

77. Synovex S

78. Projestaject

79. Gynoluton

80. Gesterol 50

81. Percutacrine Luteinique

82. Gesterol 100

83. Cyclogesterin

84. Akrolutin

85. Endometrin

86. Prolutin

87. Pregnene-3,20-dione

88. (s)-progesterone

89. Colprosterone

90. Progesteron

91. Progestogel

92. Progeston

93. 3,20-pregnene-4

94. Gelbkoerperhormon

95. Crinone Progesterone Gel

96. Gestiron

97. Lugesteron

98. Progestol

99. Luteol (van)

100. Lutocuclin M

101. Nsc-9704

102. .beta.-progesterone

103. Percutacrine

104. (s)-4-pregnene-3,20-dione

105. Progeffik

106. Utrogest

107. Vitarrine

108. Luteum

109. Progesteronum [inn-latin]

110. Delta(4)-pregnene-3,20-dione

111. Progesterona [inn-spanish]

112. (s)-pregn-4-en-3,20-dione

113. Delta(sup 4)-pregnene-3,20-dione

114. Ccris 533

115. Prontogest

116. Estima

117. 17.alpha.-progesterone

118. Hsdb 3389

119. Progesterone [progestins]

120. Ai3-51682

121. Prometrium (tn)

122. Pregn-4-en-3,20-dione

123. Crinone (tn)

124. 6alpha-methylpregn-4-en-17alpha-ol-3,20-dione

125. Chebi:17026

126. .delta.4-pregnene-3,20-dione

127. 17alpha-hydroxy-6alpha-methylpregn-4-ene-3,20-dione

128. Progesterone, Micronized

129. Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione, 17alpha-hydroxy-6alpha-methyl-

130. Component Of Cyclogesterin

131. Nsc-64377

132. 4-pregnen-3,20-dione

133. .delta.(sup4)-pregnene-3,20-dione

134. Chembl103

135. D4-pregnene-3,20-dione

136. Mls000028517

137. 4g7ds2q64y

138. (8s,9s,10r,13s,14s,17s)-17-acetyl-10,13-dimethyl-1,2,6,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-dodecahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-one

139. Nsc9704

140. U 3672

141. Nsc64377

142. Ncgc00015785-04

143. Smr000058345

144. Dsstox_cid_2370

145. Dsstox_rid_76562

146. Dsstox_gsid_22370

147. (8s,9s,10r,13s,14s,17s)-17-acetyl-10,13-dimethyl-1,2,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17-tetradecahydro-3h-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-one

148. 6.alpha.-methylpregn-4-en-17.alpha.-ol-3,20-dione

149. 17.alpha.-hydroxy-6.alpha.-methylpregn-4-ene-3,20-dione

150. Progesterona

151. Progestan

152. Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione, 17.alpha.-hydroxy-6.alpha.-methyl-

153. (8s,9s,10r,13s,14s,17s)-17-acetyl-10,13-dimethyl-6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17-dodecahydro-1h-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3(2h)-one

154. Smr000653542

155. Progesterone (prometrium)

156. Wln: L E5 B666 Ov Mutj A1 E1 Fv1

157. Sr-01000000088

158. Sr-01000076054

159. Nsc 9704

160. Einecs 200-350-6

161. Nsc 64377

162. Pregn-4-ene-3, 17.alpha.-hydroxy-6.alpha.-methyl-

163. Bhr-100

164. Unii-4g7ds2q64y

165. Duraprogen

166. Progestrel

167. Lipolutin

168. Lutinus

169. Lutogynon

170. Progesterone??

171. Beta-progesterone

172. 1dbb

173. 17a-progesterone

174. Cas-57-83-0

175. Delta(sup4)-pregnene-3,20-dione

176. Progesterone [usp:inn:ban:jan]

177. Racemic Progesterone

178. Prestwick_411

179. Mfcd00003658

180. Cidr

181. Milprosa

182. Mpp22

183. 2aa6

184. 4bb2

185. Opera_id_292

186. Progesterone, >=99%

187. Prestwick0_000477

188. Prestwick1_000477

189. Prestwick2_000477

190. Prestwick3_000477

191. Spectrum5_002053

192. Progesterone [mi]

193. Cyclogesterin (salt/mix)

194. Progesterone [inn]

195. Progesterone [jan]

196. Bmse000482

197. Epitope Id:116051

198. Ec 200-350-6

199. Progesterone [hsdb]

200. Progesterone [inci]

201. Pregn-4-ne-3,20-ione

202. Schembl7671

203. Progesterone [vandf]

204. Bidd:pxr0094

205. Lopac0_000895

206. Bspbio_000614

207. Progesterone [mart.]

208. Mls000758277

209. Mls001074187

210. Mls001423982

211. Mls002222367

212. Bidd:er0547

213. P0130_sigma

214. Progesterone [usp-rs]

215. Progesterone [who-dd]

216. Progesterone [who-ip]

217. Spbio_002553

218. .delta.-pregnene-3,20-dione

219. Bdbm8903

220. Bpbio1_000676

221. Gtpl2377

222. Hydroxyprogesterone Caproic Acid

223. Dtxsid3022370

224. Progesterone (jp17/usp/inn)

225. Bhr-310

226. Eti-411

227. Progesterone [green Book]

228. 1a28

229. 1h60

230. Hms1569o16

231. Hms2051o05

232. Hms2090j07

233. Hms2096o16

234. Hms2230f23

235. Hms2233p11

236. Hms3262d12

237. Hms3713o16

238. Pregnene, 3,20-dione-delta^4-

239. Progesterone [orange Book]

240. Progesterone [ep Monograph]

241. Bcp22000

242. Bijuva Component Progesterone

243. Hy-n0437

244. Zinc4428529

245. Progesterone [usp Monograph]

246. Tox21_113157

247. Tox21_201792

248. Tox21_300307

249. Tox21_500895

250. Ac-700

251. Cmc_13406

252. Lmst02030159

253. Progesteronum [who-ip Latin]

254. S1705

255. Akos015894908

256. Progesterone; 4-pregnene-3,20-dione

257. Ccg-100766

258. Cs-1937

259. Db00396

260. Dr-2011

261. Fd12045

262. Lp00895

263. Nc00016

264. Progesterone Component Of Bijuva

265. Sdccgsbi-0050870.p002

266. Progesterone 1.0 Mg/ml In Acetonitrile

267. Progesterone 100 Microg/ml In Methanol

268. Ncgc00022185-03

269. Ncgc00022185-04

270. Ncgc00022185-05

271. Ncgc00022185-06

272. Ncgc00022185-07

273. Ncgc00022185-08

274. Ncgc00022185-09

275. Ncgc00022185-10

276. Ncgc00022185-11

277. Ncgc00022185-12

278. Ncgc00022185-14

279. Ncgc00022185-21

280. Ncgc00090798-01

281. Ncgc00090798-02

282. Ncgc00254120-01

283. Ncgc00259341-01

284. Ncgc00261580-01

285. (1s,10s,11s,14s,15s,2r)-14-acetyl-2,15-dimethyl-5-oxotetracyclo[8.7.0.0<2,7>.0 <11,15>]heptadec-6-ene

286. As-12660

287. Cpd000058345

288. Nci60_042166

289. Progesterone 1000 Microg/ml In Methanol

290. Fe-999913

291. Eu-0100895

292. P0478

293. (14beta,17alpha)-pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione

294. Progesterone, Meets Usp Testing Specifications

295. Progesterone, Vetec(tm) Reagent Grade, 98%

296. C00410

297. D00066

298. P 0130

299. Q26963

300. S00293

301. Progesterone, Vetranal(tm), Analytical Standard

302. Q-201624

303. Sr-01000000088-5

304. Sr-01000000088-6

305. Sr-01000076054-1

306. Sr-01000076054-4

307. Brd-k64994968-001-03-6

308. 32104fb6-bf81-4f6e-83c2-024deeaeb272

309. Progesterone, British Pharmacopoeia (bp) Reference Standard

310. Progesterone, Powder, Bioreagent, Suitable For Cell Culture

311. Progesterone, European Pharmacopoeia (ep) Reference Standard

312. Progesterone, Gamma-irradiated, Bioxtra, Suitable For Cell Culture

313. Progesterone, United States Pharmacopeia (usp) Reference Standard

314. Progesterone-water Soluble, Powder, Bioreagent, Suitable For Cell Culture

315. Progesterone For Peak Identification, European Pharmacopoeia (ep) Reference Standard

316. Progesterone For System Suitability, European Pharmacopoeia (ep) Reference Standard

317. Progesterone, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material

318. (1s,2r,10s,11s,14s,15s)-14-acetyl-2,15-dimethyltetracyclo[8.7.0.0;{2,7}.0;{11,15}]heptadec-6-en-5-one

319. 137940-28-4

320. 753497-20-0

321. Progesterone Solution, 1.0 Mg/ml In Acetonitrile, Ampule Of 1 Ml, Certified Reference Material

2.4 Create Date

2004-09-16

3 Chemical and Physical Properties

Molecular Formula	C₂₁H₃₀O₂
Molecular Weight	314.5 g/mol
XLogP3	3.9
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count	0
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count	2
Rotatable Bond Count	1
Exact Mass	314.224580195 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass	314.224580195 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area	34.1 Å²
Heavy Atom Count	23
Formal Charge	0
Complexity	589
Isotope Atom Count	0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count	6
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count	0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count	0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count	0
Covalently Bonded Unit Count	1

4 Drug and Medication Information

4.1 Drug Information

1 of 8
Drug Name	Crinone
PubMed Health	Progesterone
Drug Classes	Endocrine-Metabolic Agent, Endometrial Hyperplasia Agent, Female Reproductive Agent
Active Ingredient	Progesterone
Dosage Form	Gel
Route	vaginal; Vaginal
Strength	8%; 4%
Market Status	Prescription
Company	Watson Labs; Columbia Res Labs

2 of 8
Drug Name	Endometrin
PubMed Health	Progesterone
Drug Classes	Endocrine-Metabolic Agent, Endometrial Hyperplasia Agent, Female Reproductive Agent
Drug Label	Endometrin (progesterone) Vaginal Insert contains micronized progesterone. Endometrin is supplied with polyethylene vaginal applicators.The active ingredient, progesterone, is present in 100 mg amount along with other excipients. The chemical name fo...
Active Ingredient	Progesterone
Dosage Form	Insert
Route	Vaginal
Strength	100mg
Market Status	Prescription
Company	Ferring

3 of 8
Drug Name	Progesterone
PubMed Health	Progesterone
Drug Classes	Endocrine-Metabolic Agent, Endometrial Hyperplasia Agent, Female Reproductive Agent
Drug Label	PROMETRIUM (progesterone, USP) Capsules contain micronized progesterone for oral administration. Progesterone has a molecular weight of 314.47 and a molecular formula of C21H30O2. Progesterone (pregn-4-ene-3, 20-dione) is a white or creamy white, odo...
Active Ingredient	Progesterone
Dosage Form	Capsule; Injectable
Route	Injection; Oral
Strength	200mg; 50mg/ml; 100mg
Market Status	Prescription
Company	Sofgen Pharms; Hikma Farmaceutica; Watson Labs (utah); Banner Pharmacaps; Teva Pharms; Fresenius Kabi Usa; Luitpold

4 of 8
Drug Name	Prometrium
PubMed Health	Progesterone (By mouth)
Drug Classes	Endocrine-Metabolic Agent, Endometrial Hyperplasia Agent, Female Reproductive Agent
Drug Label	PROMETRIUM (progesterone, USP) Capsules contain micronized progesterone for oral administration. Progesterone has a molecular weight of 314.47 and a molecular formula of C21H30O2. Progesterone (pregn-4-ene-3, 20-dione) is a white or creamy white, odo...
Active Ingredient	Progesterone
Dosage Form	Capsule
Route	oral; Oral
Strength	200mg; 300mg; 100mg
Market Status	Prescription
Company	Abbvie

5 of 8
Drug Name	Crinone
PubMed Health	Progesterone
Drug Classes	Endocrine-Metabolic Agent, Endometrial Hyperplasia Agent, Female Reproductive Agent
Active Ingredient	Progesterone
Dosage Form	Gel
Route	vaginal; Vaginal
Strength	8%; 4%
Market Status	Prescription
Company	Watson Labs; Columbia Res Labs

6 of 8
Drug Name	Endometrin
PubMed Health	Progesterone
Drug Classes	Endocrine-Metabolic Agent, Endometrial Hyperplasia Agent, Female Reproductive Agent
Drug Label	Endometrin (progesterone) Vaginal Insert contains micronized progesterone. Endometrin is supplied with polyethylene vaginal applicators.The active ingredient, progesterone, is present in 100 mg amount along with other excipients. The chemical name fo...
Active Ingredient	Progesterone
Dosage Form	Insert
Route	Vaginal
Strength	100mg
Market Status	Prescription
Company	Ferring

7 of 8
Drug Name	Progesterone
PubMed Health	Progesterone
Drug Classes	Endocrine-Metabolic Agent, Endometrial Hyperplasia Agent, Female Reproductive Agent
Drug Label	PROMETRIUM (progesterone, USP) Capsules contain micronized progesterone for oral administration. Progesterone has a molecular weight of 314.47 and a molecular formula of C21H30O2. Progesterone (pregn-4-ene-3, 20-dione) is a white or creamy white, odo...
Active Ingredient	Progesterone
Dosage Form	Capsule; Injectable
Route	Injection; Oral
Strength	200mg; 50mg/ml; 100mg
Market Status	Prescription
Company	Sofgen Pharms; Hikma Farmaceutica; Watson Labs (utah); Banner Pharmacaps; Teva Pharms; Fresenius Kabi Usa; Luitpold

8 of 8
Drug Name	Prometrium
PubMed Health	Progesterone (By mouth)
Drug Classes	Endocrine-Metabolic Agent, Endometrial Hyperplasia Agent, Female Reproductive Agent
Drug Label	PROMETRIUM (progesterone, USP) Capsules contain micronized progesterone for oral administration. Progesterone has a molecular weight of 314.47 and a molecular formula of C21H30O2. Progesterone (pregn-4-ene-3, 20-dione) is a white or creamy white, odo...
Active Ingredient	Progesterone
Dosage Form	Capsule
Route	oral; Oral
Strength	200mg; 300mg; 100mg
Market Status	Prescription
Company	Abbvie

4.2 Therapeutic Uses

Progestins

National Library of Medicine's Medical Subject Headings online file (MeSH, 2009)

Prochieve 4% is indicated for the treatment of secondary amenorrhea. Prochieve 8% is indicated for use in women who have failed to respond to treatment with Prochieve 4%. /Included in US product label/

US Natl Inst Health; DailyMed. Current Medication Information for PROCHIEVE (progesterone) gel (November 2009). Available from, as of March 1, 2011: https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?id=13486

Prochieve 8% is indicated for progesterone supplementation or replacement as part of an Assisted Reproductive Technology ("ART") treatment for infertile women with progesterone deficiency. /Included in US product label/

Progesterone is used orally or intravaginally for the management of secondary amenorrhea.

American Society of Health System Pharmacists; AHFS Drug Information 2010. Bethesda, MD. (2010), p. 3279

For more Therapeutic Uses (Complete) data for PROGESTERONE (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

4.3 Drug Warning

/BOXED WARNING/ WARNING: CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS, BREAST CANCER and PROBABLE DEMENTIA FOR ESTROGEN PLUS PROGESTIN THERAPY. Cardiovascular Disorders and Probable Dementia: Estrogens plus progestin therapy should not be used for the prevention of cardiovascular disease or dementia. The Women's Health Initiative (WHI) estrogen plus progestin substudy reported increased risks of deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, stroke and myocardial infarction in postmenopausal women (50 to 79 years of age) during 5.6 years of treatment with daily oral conjugated estrogens (CE) (0.625 mg) combined with medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) (2.5 mg), relative to placebo. The WHI Memory Study (WHIMS) estrogen plus progestin ancillary study of the WHI reported an increased risk of developing probable dementia in postmenopausal women 65 years of age or older during 4 years of treatment with daily CE (0.625 mg) combined with MPA (2.5 mg), relative to placebo. It is unknown whether this finding applies to younger postmenopausal women. Breast Cancer: The WHI estrogen plus progestin substudy also demonstrated an increased risk of invasive breast cancer. In the absence of comparable data, these risks should be assumed to be similar for other doses of CE and MPA, and other combinations and dosage forms of estrogens and progestins. Progestins with estrogens should be prescribed at the lowest effective doses and for the shortest duration consistent with treatment goals and risks for the individual woman.

US Natl Inst Health; DailyMed. Current Medication Information for Prometrium (progesterone) capsule (Updated September 2013). Available from, as of April 24, 2015: https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=0224b5a6-25a3-44c9-b94f-90e2e064c164

Other doses of oral conjugated estrogens with medroxyprogesterone and other combinations and dosage forms of estrogens and progestins were not studied in the WHI clinical trials. In the absence of comparable data and product-specific studies, the relevance of the WHI findings to other products has not been established. Therefore, the risks should be assumed to be similar for all estrogen and progestin products. Because of these risks, estrogens with or without progestins should be prescribed at the lowest effective doses and for the shortest duration consistent with treatment goals and risks for the individual woman.

US Natl Inst Health; DailyMed. Current Medication Information for Prometrium (progesterone) capsule (March 2008). Available from, as of February 23, 2011: https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?id=6971

Adverse effects reported in patients receiving oral progesterone include dizziness, breast pain, headache, abdominal pain, fatigue, viral infection, abdominal distention, musculoskeletal pain, emotional lability, irritability, and upper respiratory tract infection. Extreme dizziness and/or drowsiness, blurred vision, slurred speech, difficulty walking, loss of consciousness, vertigo, confusion, disorientation, and shortness of breath have been reported in a few women receiving the drug. Hypotension and syncope have occurred rarely in women receiving progesterone capsules.

American Society of Health System Pharmacists; AHFS Drug Information 2010. Bethesda, MD. (2010), p. 3279

Adverse effects reported in patients receiving progesterone vaginal gel include breast pain/enlargement, somnolence, constipation, nausea, headache, and perineal pain.

American Society of Health System Pharmacists; AHFS Drug Information 2010. Bethesda, MD. (2010), p. 3279

For more Drug Warnings (Complete) data for PROGESTERONE (19 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

4.4 Drug Indication

**Gelatinized capsules** The gelatinized capsules are indicated for use in the prevention of endometrial hyperplasia in non-hysterectomized postmenopausal women who are receiving conjugated estrogens tablets. They are also indicated for use in secondary amenorrhea. **Vaginal gel** Progesterone gel (8%) is indicated as progesterone supplementation or replacement as part of an Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) treatment for infertile women with progesterone deficiency. The lower concentration progesterone gel (4%) is used in the treatment of secondary amenorrhea, with the use of the 8% concentration if there is no therapeutic response to the 4% gel. **Vaginal insert** This form is indicated to support embryo implantation and early pregnancy by supplementation of corpus luteal function as part of an Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) treatment program for infertile women. **Injection (intramuscular)** This drug is indicated in amenorrhea and abnormal uterine bleeding due to hormonal imbalance in the absence of organic pathology, such as submucous fibroids or uterine cancer. **Tablets, contraceptive** The tablet form of progesterone in contraceptive formulations is indicated for the prevention of pregnancy.

FDA Label

Treatment of female infertility

Treatment of female infertility, Prevention of recurrent spontaneous abortion

5 Pharmacology and Biochemistry

5.1 Pharmacology

Progesterone, depending on concentration and dosage form, and timing of exposure may have several pharmacodynamic effects. These actions, according, to various preparations, are listed below: General effects Progesterone is the main hormone of the corpus luteum and the placenta. It acts on the uterus by changing the proliferative phase to the secretory phase of the endometrium (inner mucous lining of the uterus). This hormone, stimulated by a hormone called _luteinizing hormone_ (LH) is the main hormone during the secretory phase to prepare the corpus luteum and the endometrium for implantation of a fertilized ovum. As the luteal phase concludes, the progesterone hormone sends negative feedback to the anterior pituitary gland in the brain to decrease FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) and LH (luteinizing hormone) levels. This prevents ovulation and maturation of oocytes (immature egg cells). The endometrium then prepares for pregnancy by increasing its vascularity (blood vessels) and stimulating mucous secretion. This process occurs by progesterone stimulating the endometrium to decrease endometrial proliferation, leading to a decreased uterine lining thickness, developing more complex uterine glands, collecting energy in the form of glycogen, and providing more uterine blood vessel surface area suitable for supporting a growing embryo. As opposed to cervical mucous changes observed during the proliferative phase and ovulation, progesterone decreases and thickens the cervical mucus, rendering it less elastic. This change occurs because the fertilization time period has passed, and a specific consistency of mucous amenable to sperm entry is no longer required. **Gelatinized capsules** Progesterone capsules are an oral dosage form of micronized progesterone which, chemically identical to progesterone of ovarian origin. Progesterone capsules have all the properties of endogenous progesterone with induction of a secretory phase endometrium with gestagenic, antiestrogenic, slightly antiandrogenic and anti-aldosterone effects. Progesterone opposes the effects of estrogen on the uterus, and is beneficial in women with unopposed estrogen exposure, which carries an increased risk of malignancy. **Vaginal gel and vaginal insert** The gel preparation mimics the effects of naturally occurring progesterone. In the presence of adequate levels of estrogen, progesterone converts a proliferative endometrium into secretory endometrium. This means that the endometrium changes from a growing and thickening stage into a subsequent preparation stage for pregnancy, which involves further preparatory changes. Progesterone is necessary for the development of decidual tissue (specialized tissue amenable to supporting a possible pregnancy). Progesterone is required to increase endometrial receptivity for the implantation of a fertilized embryo. Once an embryo is implanted, progesterone helps to maintain the pregnancy. **Injection (intramuscular)** Intramuscularly injected progesterone increases serum progesterone and aids in the prevention of endometrial tissue overgrowth due to unopposed estrogen (which leads to abnormal uterine bleeding and sometimes uterine cancer),. In the absence or deficiency of progesterone, the endometrium continually proliferates, eventually outgrowing its limited blood supply, shedding incompletely, and leading to abnormal and/or profuse bleeding as well as malignancy. **Tablets, contraceptive** Progesterone-only contraceptive tablets prevent conception by suppressing ovulation in about half of users, causing a thickening of cervical mucus to inhibit sperm movement, lowering the midcycle LH and FSH hormone peaks, slowing the movement of the ovum through the fallopian tubes, and causing secretory changes in the endometrium as described above.

5.2 MeSH Pharmacological Classification

Progestins

Compounds that interact with PROGESTERONE RECEPTORS in target tissues to bring about the effects similar to those of PROGESTERONE. Primary actions of progestins, including natural and synthetic steroids, are on the UTERUS and the MAMMARY GLAND in preparation for and in maintenance of PREGNANCY. (See all compounds classified as Progestins.)

5.3 FDA Pharmacological Classification

5.3.1 Active Moiety

PROGESTERONE

5.3.2 FDA UNII

4G7DS2Q64Y

5.3.3 Pharmacological Classes

Progesterone [EPC]; Progesterone [CS]

5.4 ATC Code

G03DA04

S76 | LUXPHARMA | Pharmaceuticals Marketed in Luxembourg | Pharmaceuticals marketed in Luxembourg, as published by d'Gesondheetskeess (CNS, la caisse nationale de sante, www.cns.lu), mapped by name to structures using CompTox by R. Singh et al. (in prep.). List downloaded from https://cns.public.lu/en/legislations/textes-coordonnes/liste-med-comm.html. Dataset DOI:10.5281/zenodo.4587355

G - Genito urinary system and sex hormones

G03 - Sex hormones and modulators of the genital system

G03D - Progestogens

G03DA - Pregnen (4) derivatives

G03DA04 - Progesterone

5.5 Absorption, Distribution and Excretion

Absorption

**Oral micronized capsules** Following oral administration of progesterone in the micronized soft-gelatin capsule formulation, peak serum concentration was achieved in the first 3 hours. The absolute bioavailability of micronized progesterone is unknown at this time. In postmenopausal women, serum progesterone concentration increased in a dose-proportional and linear fashion after multiple doses of progesterone capsules, ranging from 100 mg/day to 300 mg/day. **IM administration** After intramuscular (IM) administration of 10 mg of progesterone in oil, the maximum plasma concentrations were achieved in about 8 hours post-injection and plasma concentrations stayed above baseline for approximately 24 hours post-injection. Injections of 10, 25, and 50 mg lead to geometric mean values for maximum plasma concentration (CMAX) of 7, 28, and 50 ng/mL, respectively. Progesterone administered by the intramuscular (IM) route avoids significant first-pass hepatic metabolism. As a result, endometrial tissue concentrations of progesterone achieved with IM administration are higher when compared with oral administration. Despite this, the highest concentrations of progesterone in endometrial tissue are reached with vaginal administration. **Note on oral contraceptive tablet absorption** Serum progestin levels peak about 2 hours after oral administration of progesterone-only contraceptive tablets, followed by rapid distribution and elimination. By 24 hours after drug administration, serum levels remain near the baseline, making efficacy dependent upon strict adherence to the dosing schedule. Large variations in serum progesterone levels occur among individuals. Progestin-only administration leads to lower steady-state serum progestin levels and a shorter elimination half-life than concurrent administration with estrogens.

Route of Elimination

Progesterone metabolites are excreted mainly by the kidneys. Urinary elimination is observed for 95% of patients in the form of glycuroconjugated metabolites, primarily 3 a, 5 pregnanediol (_pregnandiol_). The glucuronide and sulfate conjugates of pregnanediol and pregnanolone are excreted in the urine and bile. Progesterone metabolites, excreted in the bile, may undergo enterohepatic recycling or may be found excreted in the feces.

Volume of Distribution

When administered vaginally, progesterone is well absorbed by uterine endometrial tissue, and a small percentage is distributed into the systemic circulation. The amount of progesterone in the systemic circulation appears to be of minimal importance, especially when implantation, pregnancy, and live birth outcomes appear similar for intramuscular and vaginal administration of progesterone.

Clearance

**Apparent clearance** 1367 348 (50mg of progesterone administered by vaginal insert once daily). 106 15 L/h (50mg/mL IM injection once daily).

PROMETRIUM Capsules are an oral dosage form of micronized progesterone which is chemically identical to progesterone of ovarian origin. The oral bioavailability of progesterone is increased through micronization.

After oral administration of progesterone as a micronized soft-gelatin capsule formulation, maximum serum concentrations were attained within 3 hours. The absolute bioavailability of micronized progesterone is not known.

Serum progesterone concentrations appeared linear and dose proportional following multiple dose administration of PROMETRIUM Capsules 100 mg over the dose range 100 mg/day to 300 mg/day in postmenopausal women.

Although doses greater than 300 mg/day were not studied in females, serum concentrations from a study in male volunteers appeared linear and dose proportional between 100 mg/day and 400 mg/day. The pharmacokinetic parameters in male volunteers were generally consistent with those seen in postmenopausal women.

For more Absorption, Distribution and Excretion (Complete) data for PROGESTERONE (12 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

5.6 Metabolism/Metabolites

Progesterone is mainly metabolized by the liver. After oral administration, the major plasma metabolites found are 20 a hydroxy-4 a-prenolone and 5 a-dihydroprogesterone. Some progesterone metabolites are found excreted in the bile and these metabolites may be deconjugated and subsequently metabolized in the gut by reduction, dehydroxylation, and epimerization. The major plasma and urinary metabolites are comparable to those found during the physiological progesterone secretion of the corpus luteum.

Progesterone undergoes both biliary and renal elimination. Following an injection of labeled progesterone, 50-60% of the excretion of progesterone metabolites occurs via the kidney; approximately 10% occurs via the bile and feces, the second major excretory pathway.

Progesterone is metabolized primarily by the liver largely to pregnanediols and pregnanolones. Pregnanediols and pregnanolones are conjugated in the liver to glucuronide and sulfate metabolites. Progesterone metabolites which are excreted in the bile may be deconjugated and may be further metabolized in the gut via reduction, dehydroxylation, and epimerization.

The major urinary metabolite of oral progesterone is 5beta-pregnan-3alpha, 20alpha-diol glucuronide which is present in plasma in the conjugated form only. Plasma metabolites also include 5beta-pregnan-3alpha-ol-20-one (5beta-pregnanolone) and 5alpha-pregnan-3alpha-ol-20-one (5beta-pregnanolone).

The hormone is reduced to pregnanediol in the liver and conjugated with glucuronic acid, and then excreted mainly in urine.

American Society of Health System Pharmacists; AHFS Drug Information 2010. Bethesda, MD. (2010), p. 3280

For more Metabolism/Metabolites (Complete) data for PROGESTERONE (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Progesterone has known human metabolites that include 16beta-hydroxy-progesterone, 17alpha-hydroxy-progesterone, 21-hydroxy-progesterone, 2beta-hydroxy-progesterone, and 6beta-hydroxy-progesterone.

S73 | METXBIODB | Metabolite Reaction Database from BioTransformer | DOI:10.5281/zenodo.4056560

5.7 Biological Half-Life

Absorption half-life is approximately 25-50 hours and an elimination half-life of 5-20 minutes (progesterone gel). Progesterone, administered orally, has a short serum half-life (approximately 5 minutes). It is rapidly metabolized to _17-hydroxyprogesterone_ during its first pass through the liver.

Due to the sustained release properties of Prochieve, progesterone absorption is prolonged with an absorption half-life of approximately 25-50 hours, and an elimination half-life of 5-20 minutes. Therefore, the pharmacokinetics of Prochieve are rate-limited by absorption rather than by elimination.

The elimination half life of progesterone is approximately 5 minutes ...

Hardman, J.G., L.E. Limbird, P.B. Molinoff, R.W. Ruddon, A.G. Goodman (eds.). Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 9th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 1996., p. 1429

Progesterone has a short plasma half-life of several minutes.

American Society of Health System Pharmacists; AHFS Drug Information 2010. Bethesda, MD. (2010), p. 3280

5.8 Mechanism of Action

Progesterone binds and activates its nuclear receptor, _PR_, which plays an important part in the signaling of stimuli that maintain the endometrium during its preparation for pregnancy. Progesterone receptor (PR) is a member of the nuclear/steroid hormone receptor (SHR) family of ligand-dependent transcription factors that is expressed primarily in female reproductive tissue as well as the central nervous system. As a result of its binding its associated steroid hormone, progesterone, the progesterone receptor (PR) modulates the expression of genes that regulate the development, differentiation, and proliferation of target tissues. In humans, PR is found to be highly expressed in the stromal (connective tissue) cells during the secretory phase and during pregnancy. Progesterone may prevent pregnancy by changing the consistency of cervical mucus to be unfavorable for sperm penetration, and by inhibiting follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), which normally causes ovulation. With perfect use, the first-year failure rate for progestin-only oral contraceptives is approximately 0.5%. The typical failure rate, however, is estimated to be approximately 5%, due to late or missed pills.

Progesterone is a progestinic hormone secreted mainly from the corpus luteum of the ovary during the latter half of the menstrual cycle. Progesterone is formed from steroid precursors in the ovary, testis, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Luteinizing hormone (LH) stimulates the synthesis and secretion of progesterone from the corpus luteum. Progesterone is necessary for nidation (implantation) of the ovum and for maintenance of pregnancy. Although the hormone is secreted mainly during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle, small amounts of progesterone are also secreted during the follicular phase. High concentrations of the hormone are secreted during the latter part of pregnancy. Amounts comparable to those secreted in women during the follicular phase have been shown to be secreted in males.

American Society of Health System Pharmacists; AHFS Drug Information 2010. Bethesda, MD. (2010), p. 3280

Progesterone shares the pharmacologic actions of the progestins. In women with adequate endogenous estrogen, progesterone transforms a proliferative endometrium into a secretory one. The abrupt decline in the secretion of progesterone at the end of the menstrual cycle is principally responsible for the onset of menstruation. Progesterone also stimulates the growth of mammary alveolar tissue and relaxes uterine smooth muscle. Progesterone has minimal estrogenic and androgenic activity.

American Society of Health System Pharmacists; AHFS Drug Information 2010. Bethesda, MD. (2010), p. 3280

Progesterone released during the luteal phase of the cycle decreases estrogen driven endometrial proliferation and leads to the development of a secretory endometrium ... . The abrupt decline in the release of progesterone from the corpus luteum at the end of the cycle is the main determinant of the onset of menstruation. If the duration of the luteal phase is artificially lengthened, either by sustaining luteal function or by treatment with progesterone, decidual changes in the endometrial stroma similar to those seen in early pregnancy can be induced. Under normal circumstances, estrogen antecedes and accompanies progesterone in its action upon the endometrium and is essential to the development of the normal menstrual pattern.

Hardman, J.G., L.E. Limbird, P.B. Molinoff, R.W. Ruddon, A.G. Goodman (eds.). Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 9th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 1996., p. 1428

Progesterone also increases the ventilatory response of the respiratory centers to carbon dioxide and leads to reduced arterial and alveolar PC02 in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle and during pregnancy. Progesterone also may have depressant and hypnotic actions in the CNS, which may account for reports of drowsiness after hormone administration.

Hardman, J.G., L.E. Limbird, P.B. Molinoff, R.W. Ruddon, A.G. Goodman (eds.). Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 9th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 1996., p. 1428

For more Mechanism of Action (Complete) data for PROGESTERONE (12 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

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